{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T10:54:59Z","timestamp":1780052099608,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,29]],"date-time":"2024-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Defecation disorders are a common pediatric problem and bowel frequency is crucial in identifying them. The aim of this analysis is to define normal bowel frequencies in healthy children ranging from newborns to adolescents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from their inception to February 2024, aiming to identify studies reporting bowel habits of healthy children (0\u201318 years). A Bayesian distribution modeling approach was adopted to pool the mean frequency of bowel opening using inverse\u2010variance weighing. A subgroup analysis and a meta\u2010regression were performed with Bayesian generalized additive mixed distributional models. The methodological quality of the articles was evaluated using the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale modified for cross\u2010sectional studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seventeen studies were included in the analysis, including 22,698 children aged from 0 to 18 years. The subgroup meta\u2010analysis showed mean bowel frequencies for newborns, 1\u20136 months, 6\u201312 months, 1\u20132 years, 2\u20135 years, and over 5 years are 3.24 (95% credible interval [CrI]: 2.83\u20133.63), 1.99 (95% CrI: 1.77\u20102.19), 1.66 (95% CrI: 1.45\u20131.88), 1.53 (95% CrI: 1.37\u20131.7), 1.15 (95% CrI: 0.99\u20131.31), and 1.02 (95% CrI 0.88\u20131.18), respectively. Between studies, heterogeneity demonstrated a near\u2010normal distribution with a mean of 0.16 and a 95% CrI of 0.04\u20130.28. The variance of the distribution of mean bowel frequency reduced with age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this Bayesian meta\u2010analysis, we found that younger children have a higher bowel frequency. The reported bowel frequencies for each age group could serve as normal values in clinical practice to differentiate health and disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.12432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T06:40:22Z","timestamp":1735540822000},"page":"569-579","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["How do we define normal bowel frequency from newborn to teens?: A Bayesian meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Sachith","family":"Munasinghe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine University of Colombo Colombo Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Supun","family":"Manathunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine University of Peradeniya Kandy Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wathsala","family":"Hathagoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine University of Colombo Colombo Sri Lanka"},{"name":"Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children, Dr Denister De Silva Mawatha Colombo Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandrani","family":"Kuruppu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Library, Faculty of Medicine University of Colombo Colombo Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyanga","family":"Ranasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine University of Colombo Colombo Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niranga M.","family":"Devanarayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Kelaniya Ragama Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desiree F.","family":"Baaleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc A.","family":"Benninga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1379-5052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaman","family":"Rajindrajith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine University of Colombo Colombo Sri Lanka"},{"name":"Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children, Dr Denister De Silva Mawatha Colombo Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-013-1041-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-04821-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.02.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i28.6547"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2023.113559"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2021.105906"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","unstructured":"WellsG SheaB O'ConnellD et al. 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