{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T13:55:40Z","timestamp":1793714140005,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of the manuscript is to provide evidence\u2010based or expert consensus\u2010based recommendations for growth assessment and nutritional management of preterm\u2010born infants during the post\u2010discharge period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The search was conducted in Pubmed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews using the MESH terms: infant, preterm infant, low birth weight, infant food, nutritional status, nutrients, breast feeding, infant formula, human milk, dietary supplements, vitamins, iron, vitamin D, minerals, energy intake, weaning, and baby led. Overall, 402 papers were identified and screened, from which 101 publications were included in the present position paper. In the absence of evidence, recommendations reflect the authors' combined expert opinion. Final consensus was obtained through multiple e\u2010mail exchanges and meetings with the Committee of Nutrition of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Continuous growth monitoring through measurements of weight, length, and HC post\u2010discharge is recommended to identify growth faltering (GF) or undernutrition. To prevent disproportionate growth, weight\u2010for\u2010length\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010scores should be included in the assessment when term equivalent age is reached. Infants discharged with a significant drop in weight and length, exceeding a \u22122 standard deviation loss, require tailored nutritional support to address long\u2010term growth challenges and to support recovery to normal growth rates. Breastfeeding is highly recommended for all infants when feasible. Infants needing to catch up in growth should be given supplements, such as HMF For those fed with formula, an adequate protein: energy ratio, minerals, and trace elements should be supplied to facilitate catch\u2010up growth. The start of solid foods should coincide with the infant's neurological developmental milestones, rather than adhering strictly to a set age. Vitamin D and iron supplementation (with regular ferritin monitoring) is recommended through at least 12 months CA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For preterm infants, close monitoring of growth after discharge and nutritional assessment is essential to identify those at high risk for GF or undernutrition and to provide individualized nutritional support when needed. These patients should either be referred to a specialized center for pediatric nutritional care or, alternatively, their general pediatrician should receive appropriate training on the subject.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.70054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T03:38:31Z","timestamp":1746675511000},"page":"421-441","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Assessment of growth status and nutritional management of prematurely born infants after hospital discharge: A position paper of the ESPGHAN Nutrition Committee"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4806-0312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadja","family":"Haiden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology Kepler University Hospital Linz Linz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Luque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Nutrition and Development Research Unit Universitat Rovira i Virgili\u2010IISPV Tarragona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Domell\u00f6f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Ume\u00e5 University Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Intestinal Failure Division, Gastroenterology Department Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Kivel\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Celiac Disease Research Center Tampere University Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Children's Hospital Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Research University of Oslo Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"de Koning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jutta","family":"K\u04e7glmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nutrition and Intestinal Failure Rehabilitation, Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sissel J.","family":"Moltu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Norsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital University of Milan Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel Saenz","family":"De Pipaon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research \u2013 IdiPAZ (Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid) Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Savino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Patologia e cura del bambino \u201cRegina Margherita\u201d Regina Margherita Children Hospital Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino Torino Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvira","family":"Verduci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital University of Milan Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiri","family":"Bronsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics University Hospital Motol Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-10616-4_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003642"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002397"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000221915.73264.c7"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"The LMS method for constructing normalized growth standards","volume":"44","author":"Cole TJ","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnad002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00083"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15884"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.12.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003784"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2017.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2010.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003437"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"76","article-title":"WHO child growth standards based on length\/height, weight and age","volume":"450","author":"Group WMGRS","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2014.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.6.1253"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fetal growth restriction: ACOG practice bulletin summary number 227.Obstetr Gynecol.2021;137(2):385\u2010387. (In eng).doi:10.1097\/aog.0000000000004252","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004252"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000471460.08792.4d"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2016.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1138"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-59"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000489675"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000514877"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1368"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13128"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children9081130"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.1327"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.32779"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.02.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03320.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030418"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020392"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2777"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000480118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2016.244"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.21-2-e98"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-8-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.12.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3379"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124205"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020288"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12856"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665107005691"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","first-page":"498","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for post\u2010discharge feeding problems in children born extremely preterm","volume":"76","author":"Alm S","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","unstructured":"WHO. WHO Recommendations for Care of the Preterm or Low\u2010Birth\u2010weight Infant.https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240058262."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000514767"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0723"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12981"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-0054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31819bc94b"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607111414026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2015.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315951"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-000834"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.2.635S"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-693X(07)80014-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogn.2017.05.005"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","article-title":"Nutrient\u2010enriched formula versus standard formula for preterm infants following hospital discharge","volume":"12","author":"Young L","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01368-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2016.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2746"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1414796"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001454"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000302974.90867.f1"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","first-page":"S204","article-title":"Weaning preterm infants: an open issue","volume":"45","author":"Fanaro S","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601336"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980019002337"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2005890"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children8121085"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000695"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.88.4.F302"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30074-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-319946"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030697"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050616"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life11040331"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000206"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14132732"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00463"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.5729"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071460"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00117.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/isbn.978-3-318-06647-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.158"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00143"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-316330"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0420"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.05.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000480741"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000358475"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123646"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","article-title":"Early discharge with home support of gavage feeding for stable preterm infants who have not established full oral feeds","volume":"2015","author":"Collins CT","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jpn3.70054","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T07:15:49Z","timestamp":1754032549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jpn3.70054"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jpn3.70054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jpn3.70054","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-2116","1536-4801"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-2116","type":"print"},{"value":"1536-4801","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]}}}