{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T01:19:24Z","timestamp":1788657564120,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study evaluates the effectiveness of three widely used large language models (LLMs)\u2014ChatGPT\u20104, Copilot, and Gemini\u2014in providing accurate, reliable, and understandable answers to frequently asked questions about pediatric dysphagia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010five questions, selected based on Google Trends data, were presented to ChatGPT\u20104, Copilot, and Gemini, and the responses were evaluated using a 5\u2010point Likert scale for accuracy, the Ensuring Quality Information for Patients (EQIP) and DISCERN scales for information quality and reliability, and the Flesch\u2013Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) and Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) scores for readability. The performance of ChatGPT\u20104, Copilot, and Gemini was assessed by presenting the same set of questions at three different time points: August, September, and October 2024. Statistical analyses included analysis of variance, Kruskal\u2013Wallis tests, and post hoc comparisons, with <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> values below 0.05 considered significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>ChatGPT\u20104 achieved the highest mean accuracy score (4.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7) compared to Copilot (3.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7) and Gemini (3.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.8), with significant differences observed in quality ratings (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05, respectively). EQIP and DISCERN scores further confirmed the superior performance of ChatGPT\u20104. In terms of readability, Gemini achieved the highest scores (FRE\u2009=\u200948.7\u2009\u00b1\u20099.9 and FKGL\u2009=\u200910.1\u2009\u00b1\u20091.6).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>While ChatGPT\u20104 generally provided more accurate and reliable information, Gemini produced more readable content. However, variability in overall information quality indicates that, although LLMs hold potential as tools for pediatric dysphagia education, further improvements are necessary to ensure consistent delivery of reliable and accessible information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.70069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T03:42:13Z","timestamp":1746675733000},"page":"18-26","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Parental education in pediatric dysphagia: A comparative analysis of three large language models"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4295-4286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00fclent","family":"Alyanak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation G\u00f6lc\u00fck Necati \u00c7elik State Hospital Kocaeli Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burak Tayyip","family":"Dede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatih","family":"Ba\u011fc\u0131er","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Ba\u015fak\u015fehir \u00c7am and Sakura City Hospital \u0130stanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazlum Serdar","family":"Akaltun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine Gaziantep Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2024.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-022-10466-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2020.1797129"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children11060750"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13091363"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14749"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.36483"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05630-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2024.110114"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acuro.2023.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58964-1"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","article-title":"A blinded comparison of three generative artificial intelligence chatbots for orthopaedic surgery therapeutic questions","volume":"16","author":"Arora V","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-024-02056-0"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"1172","article-title":"Still using only ChatGPT? The comparison of five different artificial intelligence chatbots' answers to the most common questions about kidney stones","volume":"38","author":"\u015eahin MF","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Endourol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2023.105219"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-7625.2004.00273.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.2.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-021-00574-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjae017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoint.2024.100063"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000039305"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-23-00396"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2024.108307"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jpn3.70069","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T12:11:52Z","timestamp":1754914312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jpn3.70069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jpn3.70069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jpn3.70069","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-2116","1536-4801"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-2116","type":"print"},{"value":"1536-4801","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]}}}