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This review includes evaluated evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving children and adolescents aged 3\u201319 years, identified from PsycINFO, Medline (Ovid version), Web of Science, and the reference lists of existing reviews. Risk of bias were assessed using Risk of Bias Tool (RoB 2) in RevMan (version 5.4, Cochrane Collaboration). The results were qualitatively summarized by describing the main findings across the studies. Of the 1561 studies screened, 10 RCTs with 408 participants were included. Three gut microbiota\u2010based interventions evaluated were probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary supplementation. Probiotics and dietary supplementation were identified as effective on reducing depression and anxiety in three studies; no significant effects were reported in the remaining seven studies. No evidence supported the effectiveness of prebiotics in reducing depression and anxiety in children and adolescents. Four studies presented low risk of bias, while others showed some bias in the randomization process, allocation concealment, selective reporting, and blinding of the outcome assessment. This review highlights the potential of probiotics and dietary supplements in treating depression and anxiety in children and adolescents. However, the current evidence is constrained by inadequate mental health measurements, participant heterogeneity, and small sample sizes in reviewed studies. Further well\u2010designed studies are needed to confirm their effectiveness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.70092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T02:23:52Z","timestamp":1748312632000},"page":"404-416","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effects of microbiota\u2010based interventions on depression and anxiety in children and adolescents\u2014A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population, Policy &amp; Practice, Childhood Nutrition Research Group UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1214-7849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiota Division, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuwen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population, Policy &amp; Practice, Childhood Nutrition Research Group UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antigone","family":"Gkaravella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population, Policy &amp; Practice, Childhood Nutrition Research Group UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5182-3232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinyue","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population, Policy &amp; Practice, Childhood Nutrition Research Group UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London UK"},{"name":"Evidence Synthesis Group, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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