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Body composition was measured by air displacement plethysmography (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200973, 24 months). Diet was assessed (diet quality index, nutrient intakes and diet inflammatory index (DII\u00ae)) in early and late pregnancy. GDM was determined by an oral glucose tolerance test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A good dietary quality in early pregnancy associated positively with the children's height at each time point (adj. mean difference range\u2009=\u20090.28\u20130.30 SDS, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and head circumference at 12 and 24 months (adj. mean difference range\u2009=\u20090.38\u20130.42 SDS, <jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20090.05). A good dietary quality in late pregnancy associated with a lower fat mass in children (adj. mean difference\u2009=\u2009\u22120.69, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). A higher DII was correlated with a higher weight at 24 months but a reduced height at each time point (adj. <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). GDM associated negatively with the children's head circumference at birth and 6 months (adj. mean difference range\u2009=\u2009\u22120.43 to [\u22120.22] SDS, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Consuming a good quality diet during pregnancy associated with a greater infantile height and head circumference but a lower adiposity in 2\u2010year\u2010old children. GDM may lead to a slightly smaller head circumference in early infancy. Mothers with overweight or obesity could support their children's growth by consuming a good quality diet, with low inflammatory potential during pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01922791, 14 August 2013.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.70098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T02:59:50Z","timestamp":1749524390000},"page":"355-366","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Maternal diet and gestational diabetes mellitus modestly influence children's growth during their first 24 months"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5090-0662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lotta","family":"Saros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology Unit, Institute of Biomedicine University of Turku Turku 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Biomedicine University of Turku Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8950-3103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristiina","family":"Tertti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Turku and Turku University Hospital Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0441-8896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitin","family":"Shivappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Control Program and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina Columbia South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0677-2672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James R.","family":"H\u00e9bert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer 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