{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T04:50:03Z","timestamp":1775451003322,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Celiac disease (CeD) is a common autoimmune condition requiring lifelong adherence to a gluten\u2010free diet (GFD). Patients and caregivers increasingly seek information online, and large language models (LLMs) have emerged as potential educational tools. However, their reliability in CeD remains uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of three popular LLMs in answering frequently asked questions (FAQs) about CeD and GFD management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross\u2010sectional comparative evaluation in which 12 FAQs were submitted to three LLMs: ChatGPT\u20104 (OpenAI), Gemini Flash 2.5 (Google), and Claude Sonnet 3.7 (Anthropic). Six pediatric gastroenterologists with expertise in CeD research and education, independently assessed and rated responses for accuracy, completeness, clarity, and overall quality using a 5\u2010point Likert scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean overall score across models was 4.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.35 out of 5. Clarity received the highest ratings (4.56\u2009\u00b1\u20090.21), followed by accuracy (4.26\u2009\u00b1\u20090.52), completeness (4.17\u2009\u00b1\u20090.21), and overall quality (4.20\u2009\u00b1\u20090.36). Responses to management\u2010related questions scored significantly higher than those to diagnostic questions (4.4 vs. 4.2,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.013). Inter\u2010rater reliability was good (intraclass correlation coefficient\u2009=\u20090.74). Overall, Gemini achieved the highest ratings (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LLMs provide clear and generally accurate responses to CeD FAQs, particularly on management\u2010related topics. While they represent a promising tool for patient education, variability in accuracy highlights the need for clinician oversight when interpreting artificial intelligence\u2010generated medical information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.70375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T10:00:45Z","timestamp":1770631245000},"page":"1072-1077","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Performance of large language models in answering frequently\u2010asked questions on celiac disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Nadav","family":"Peled","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelson School of Medicine Ariel University Ariel Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dror S.","family":"Shouval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel Petach Tikva Israel"},{"name":"Gray Faculty of Medical &amp; Health Sciences Tel\u2010Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Gillett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Life and Health University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Scotland UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hania","family":"Szajewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics The Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Valitutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Perugia Perugia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raanan","family":"Shamir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel Petach Tikva Israel"},{"name":"Gray Faculty of Medical &amp; Health Sciences Tel\u2010Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4175-7432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anat","family":"Guz\u2010Mark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel Petach Tikva Israel"},{"name":"Gray Faculty of Medical &amp; Health Sciences Tel\u2010Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.06.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.06.098"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17061085"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.05.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02096-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.109505"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16152512"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/ijmr.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06537-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/TurkArchPediatr.2025.24235"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00717-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-07009-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2024.105673"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-024-01619-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.70044"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.70080"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43019-024-00218-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14165697"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/AIoa2300015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyaf038"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9370397"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002497"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-03939-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000320714"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-15898-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.4630"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/60291"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jpn3.70375","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jpn3.70375","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jpn3.70375","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T03:28:32Z","timestamp":1775446112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jpn3.70375"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jpn3.70375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jpn3.70375","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-2116","1536-4801"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-2116","type":"print"},{"value":"1536-4801","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]}}}