{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:28:16Z","timestamp":1790173696731,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012688","name":"North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Functional constipation (FC) is common in childhood, significantly impacting quality of life. Since the 2014 international guideline, new evidence has been published, and methods on making guidelines have developed. This treatment guideline for FC in children aged 0\u201318 years is a collaborative effort of the European and North American Societies for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN). The aim was to deliver evidence\u2010based recommendations applicable across all treatment settings worldwide and offer methodological guidance for future research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The guideline development followed the \u201cGrading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation\u201d (GRADE) approach. The Guideline Development Group (GDG) comprised clinical experts, representing ESPGHAN, NASPGHAN and Cochrane. Prospectively agreed\u2010upon treatments were formatted into \u201cpatient, intervention, comparison, outcome\u201d questions. The GDG also determined decision thresholds for efficacy and safety outcomes through a Delphi process to support grading of the literature. Final recommendations were established by consensus voting, and a treatment algorithm was developed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 102 original randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing treatment of FC in children aged 0\u201318 years were identified. Consensus was reached for 11 GRADE recommendations. Nineteen good practice statements were formulated, and guidance for future research methodology was proposed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This guideline is the result of a collaborative effort between ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN on treatment options for FC. Systematic review of the evidence has revealed major evidence gaps for commonly used treatments for FC and highlights the need for large pediatric RCTs, particularly on treatment options with no evidence or only very low certainty evidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.70447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T11:01:04Z","timestamp":1779274864000},"page":"335-366","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition\/North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition guidelines for treatment of functional constipation in children aged 0\u201318 years"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1216-5158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morris","family":"Gordon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine University of Central Lancashire Preston UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2282-0128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"de Geus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, Paediatric Gastroenterology Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development research institute Amsterdam University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Boruta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine Duke University Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Banasiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Medical University of Warsaw Warszawa Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Benninga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, Paediatric Gastroenterology Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osvaldo","family":"Borrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Darbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's National Hospital Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawn","family":"Dore\u2010Stites","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Gould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliette","family":"Hawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy Children's Hospital Colorado Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition and Lactation Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Kilgore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado University of Colorado School of Medicine Colorado Aurora USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayat","family":"Mousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Lustgarten Motility Center The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Nurko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Motility and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikhil","family":"Thapar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Children's Hospital South Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Queensland; Centre for Child Nutrition Research University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Khlevner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Sinopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine University of Central Lancashire Preston UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merit","family":"Tabbers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, Paediatric Gastroenterology Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.02.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.06.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000266"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","volume-title":"The GRADE Book version 1.0","author":"Sch\u00fcnemann HJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2022-001067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"ESPGHAN\/NASPGHAN guidelines for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and functional abdominal pain\u2010not otherwise specified in children aged 4\u201318 years","author":"Groen J","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2024-003161"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2017-000017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","unstructured":"TeamRCR. A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing [Computer software]. 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v106.i02"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"UpToDate. Accessed October 14 2025.https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/search.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NPR.0000000000000377"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","unstructured":"Kinderformularium. Accessed October 14 2025.https:\/\/www.kinderformularium.nl\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2024-003063"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.12390"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2024-003085"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-023-00563-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2017-000118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2025-003483"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002070"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.01.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.115493"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-021-01148-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000181188.01887.78"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002192"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"Mostofizadeh N comparing the efficacy of polyethylene glycol (PEG), magnesium hydroxide and lactulose in treatment of functional constipation in children","volume":"17","author":"Saneian H","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-153"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2007.50.8.752"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.043620"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","first-page":"429","article-title":"Forlax in the treatment of childhood constipation: a randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical study","volume":"9","author":"Wang BX","year":"2007","journal-title":"Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Comparison of the effectiveness of polyethylene glycol 4000 without electrolytes and magnesium hydroxide in the treatment of chronic functional constipation in children","volume":"87","author":"Gomes PB","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0220"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","first-page":"391","article-title":"Polyethylene glycol 4000 without electrolytes versus milk of magnesia for the treatment of functional constipation in infants and young children: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"3","author":"Ratanamongkol P","year":"2009","journal-title":"Asian Biomed"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2017.10.011"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","first-page":"255","article-title":"Polyethylene glycol versus paraffin for the treatment of childhood functional constipation","volume":"19","author":"Karami H","year":"2009","journal-title":"Iran J Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.753938"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.04.043"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","article-title":"Comparing the effect of polyethylene glycol, psyllium seed husk powder, and probiotics on constipation in children","volume":"32","author":"Foroughi M","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran J Ped"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.111845"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.33998"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115582"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jrpp.jrpp_57_21"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","article-title":"Flixweed vs. polyethylene glycol in the treatment of childhood functional constipation: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"25","author":"Nimrouzi M","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran J Ped"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jrpp.JRPP_20_133"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9915289"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21010\/ajtcam.v13i4.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2020.0047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001726"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-12-178"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000543"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.11.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003222"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003074"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2007.02397.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010225"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.17284"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2017.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12530"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2016-218260"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/01.ajg.0000594132.11221.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00398-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.12306"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002795"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2018.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-007-0603-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0b013e3181a9ec9f"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.85.2.121"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.12135"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.16844"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003822"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-015-1400-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.12680"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","article-title":"Treatments for intractable constipation in childhood","volume":"6","author":"Gordon M","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2024.162049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2019.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2017.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.75"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-023-2907-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2590"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effectiveness of probiotics in the management of functional constipation in children: a randomized, double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Tjokronegoro SDP","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Probiot Prebiot"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.01.068"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.985308"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.04.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm21130"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u00d6z\u00e7ay F Fonksiyonel kab\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan \u00e7ocuklarda probiyotik ve laktuloz tedavilerinin etkinli\u011finin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve kab\u0131zl\u0131k tedavisinin ya\u015fam kalitesi \u00fczerine olan etkisinin de\u011ferlendirilmesi. \u00c7ocuk Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve","volume":"56","author":"Olga\u00e7 MA","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hastal\u0131klar\u0131 Dergisi"},{"issue":"368","key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","first-page":"2448","article-title":"The effect of probiotics on the treatment of functional constipation in children of 4\u201312 years of age. [Persian]","volume":"33","author":"Abediny M","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Isfahan Med Sch"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002134"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-017-0334-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2018.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/937212"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i34.3916"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03725-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2017.17097"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_105_1","first-page":"387","article-title":"Role of synbiotics in the treatment of childhood constipation: a double\u2010blind randomized placebo controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Khodadad A","year":"2010","journal-title":"Iran J Ped"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2014.0157"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003897"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181e85b55"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2008.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199810153391602"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_111_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"Effect of cow's\u2010milk\u2010free diet on chronic constipation in children; a randomized clinical trial","volume":"12","author":"Bourkheili AM","year":"2021","journal-title":"Caspian J Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_112_1","first-page":"468","article-title":"The role of cow's milk allergy in pediatric chronic constipation: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"22","author":"Dehghani SM","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran J Ped"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.894626"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.12160"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17116\/kurort20209703168"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14618"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0222-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2009.02.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2020.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.459"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24575"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04798-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002188"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000779"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.13105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2023-001337"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2023-001334"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.06.092"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640620967899"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i43.7572"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaf085"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(25)00219-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2025-004235"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2025.2471524"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm16004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(25)00058-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_138_1","unstructured":"Living Guidelines. Accessed June 20 2025.https:\/\/www.mcmasterforum.org\/networks\/covid\u2010end\/archive\u2010for\u2010covid\u2010end\u2010global\/resources\u2010for\u2010researchers\/supports\u2010for\u2010guidance\u2010developers\/definitions\u2010and\u2010concepts\/living\u2010guidelines."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2020-101529"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2025-336129"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-334395"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5662\/wjm.v15.i3.95559"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jpn3.70447","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jpn3.70447","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jpn3.70447","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:53:01Z","timestamp":1788436381000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jpn3.70447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jpn3.70447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jpn3.70447","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-2116","1536-4801"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-2116","type":"print"},{"value":"1536-4801","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]}}}