{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T05:26:10Z","timestamp":1793856370978,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000138","name":"U.S. Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000138","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Human milk (HM) is the preferred nutrition for all infants, including preterm and low\u2010birth\u2010weight infants, but it may still pose infectious risks even after pasteurization. Data on the behavior of\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in HM are limited. We therefore investigated the growth and survival of\n                      <jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in defrosted HM under processing and storage conditions typical of neonatal intensive care unit practice, in vitro.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Frozen HM from five mothers was thawed, pooled, and screened for baseline contamination, then inoculated with a clinical\n                      <jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolate (~1.5\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFU\/mL). Samples were allocated to three groups: (A) native HM warmed to 37\u00b0C for 3\u2009h; (B) pasteurized HM subsequently warmed to 37\u00b0C; and (C) pasteurized HM stored frozen (\u221221\u00b0C for 1 week), thawed, and then warmed to 37\u00b0C.\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                      growth and survival were assessed at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3\u2009h.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Standard pasteurization did not eradicate\n                      <jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , achieving only a 1\u2010log reduction in CFU\/mL. Subsequent warming to 37\u00b0C permitted rapid regrowth, with counts returning to the initial inoculum (~1\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFU\/mL) after 3\u2009h. Pasteurization followed by freezing did not further reduce bacterial counts but effectively inhibited proliferation, maintaining lower levels (~1\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFU\/mL) during subsequent warming.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      HM should be fed as soon as it reaches feeding temperature and preferably within 1\u2009h. When immediate feeding is not feasible, freezing HM after pasteurization is advisable to inhibit\n                      <jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                      growth.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.70548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T05:46:56Z","timestamp":1787723216000},"page":"872-878","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Growth and survival of spore forming\n                    <i>Bacillus cereus<\/i>\n                    in human milk exposed to different processing, and storage conditions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5832-7810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie","family":"Gs\u00f6llpointner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Kepler University Hospital Johannes Kepler University Linz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4806-0312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadja","family":"Haiden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Eberl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Zeitlinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Nussbaumer\u2010Pr\u00f6ll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology Medical University of Vienna Vienna 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