{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T15:56:59Z","timestamp":1786636619242,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JPGN rep."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Peptic ulcer disease (PUD), affects adults and children, with\n                      <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) infection being the most frequent cause. Diagnosis requires an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGE) and invasive tests. However, besides\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      , risk factors for PUD in children remain unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate pediatric PUD's epidemiology, etiology, and associated risk factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A retrospective case\u2010control study included children aged 1 month to 17 years presenting PUD, defined as presence of ulceration\/erosion of the gastric\/duodenal mucosa, and two controls per case. UGE's were performed between 2016 and 2022 in a pediatric center. Diagnosis of\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      was based on culture and histology of gastric biopsies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 2355 eligible children, 335 with PUD (14.2%) and 670 controls were included. The median age was 9.9 years (IQR: 6.1\u201313.1). The main indications for endoscopy were dyspepsia (38.7%) and chronic abdominal pain (15.5%).\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection was more frequent in cases than controls (35.7% vs. 17.2%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Independent risk factors for PUD included age \u2265\u200911 years (OR 1.83, 95% CI: 1.21\u20132.75;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004), gastrointestinal bleeding (OR 3.18, 95% CI: 1.15\u20138.82;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.026), and concomitant medication use (OR 6.93, 95% CI: 3.51\u201313.7;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Epigastric tenderness, systemic diseases, and a family history of PUD or\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection were associated with PUD only in univariable analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Older age, concomitant medications, and H\n                      <jats:italic>. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection are risk factors for pediatric PUD. In a tertiary center, PUD remains a frequent and clinically relevant diagnosis among children undergoing UGE.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jpr3.70161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T11:13:54Z","timestamp":1774437234000},"page":"403-409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Peptic ulcer disease: Insights and risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Haidar","family":"Houmani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Obesity, Hopital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola Universite Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Islam","family":"Saidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Obesity, Hopital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola Universite Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meline","family":"M'rini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Obesity, Hopital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola Universite Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Obesity, Hopital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola Universite Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assaad","family":"Salame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Obesity, Hopital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola Universite Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Bontems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Obesity, Hopital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola Universite Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9074-2144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kallirroi","family":"Kotilea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Obesity, Hopital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola Universite Libre de Bruxelles Brussels 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