{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:40:57Z","timestamp":1791664857285,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nitrogen fertilization can increase sorghum yield and quality and the hydrocyanic acid (HCN) accumulation in plants, increasing the risk of animal toxicity, particularly under drought conditions. In this study, plants of three sorghum genotypes (sweet sorghum, sudangrass and hybrid sorghum) were supplemented with nitrogen (0, 60, 90 and 120\u2009kg\u2009N\u2009ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) under well\u2010watered and drought\u2010stressed conditions, aiming to investigate the responses of morpho\u2010physiological parameters and HCN accumulation to drought and nitrogen fertilization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Drought caused a decline in growth and photosynthesis. Average HCN content increased by 27.85% in drought\u2010stressed plants when compared with those in well\u2010watered plants. Drought increased the proline and soluble protein content, the content of O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>, H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in leaves of all three genotypes. Maximum plant growth and higher plant nutrient content (nitrogen and phosphorus) were observed at 120\u2009kg\u2009N\u2009ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, followed by 90 and 60\u2009kg\u2009N\u2009ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. However, a sharp increase in HCN content and a decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities were observed when nitrogen rates increased from 90 to 120\u2009kg\u2009N\u2009ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, suggesting that 90\u2009kg\u2009N\u2009ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> might be better for sorghums under drought conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results suggest that optimum nitrogen application on sorghum under drought conditions could achieve a balance between plant defense and food safety, attributed to the reduced MDA, O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> and H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> accumulation, the improvement in photosynthesis parameters, the increase in soluble protein and proline content, and the increase in antioxidant enzyme activities. \u00a9 2020 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T00:04:26Z","timestamp":1606176266000},"page":"3355-3365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Effects of nitrogen fertilization and drought on hydrocyanic acid accumulation and morpho\u2010physiological parameters of sorghums"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"ABD EL SALAM ABD EL","family":"Shehab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Southwest University  Chongqing China"},{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture AL\u2010Azhar University  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7252-3041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanjun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Southwest University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-050213-040027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Advances in cyanogenic glycosides biosynthesis and analyses in plants: a review","volume":"54","author":"Ganjewala D","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biol Szeged"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2008.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016298100201"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","volume-title":"Modern Grain Sorghum Production","author":"Bennett WF","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2015.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-017-8559-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Database of agricultural production","author":"FAOSTAT","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2015.1038378"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3835\/plantgenome2014.09.0048"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2015.06.0379"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2019.103884"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.5752"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-014-0524-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15592324.2018.1451707"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.1997.12020313.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2009.02041.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-012-1088-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19420889.2018.1526604"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.10911"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/agro:19960403"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"285","article-title":"Water\u2010 and nitrogen\u2010use efficiencies of sweet sorghum seedlings are improved under water stress","volume":"16","author":"Wang WF","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Agric Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.000687"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"720","article-title":"Hydrocyanic acid content variation amongst sorghum cultivars grown with varying seed rates and nitrogen levels","volume":"14","author":"Sher AH","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Agric Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj1988.00021962008000060013x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1161-0301(01)00098-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","first-page":"887","article-title":"Effect of deficit irrigation and nitrogen levels on water productivity and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a semi\u2010arid environment","volume":"84","author":"Pradhan S","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Agric Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141084"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","first-page":"36","article-title":"Image processing wiht ImageJ","volume":"11","author":"Abramoff M","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biophoton Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"263","volume-title":"Physiological Plant Ecology","author":"Bradford KJ","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1671-2927(09)60140-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00018060"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2007.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9452(99)00197-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci1984.0011183X002400060036x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci1977.0011183X001700040024x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of five antioxidant enzyme activities using a single extraction system","volume":"22","author":"Li Z","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Yunnan Norm Univ"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MoaveniP Effect of drought stress on dry forage yield plant height prussic acid and LAI in four varieties ofSorghum bicolor. InInternational Conference on Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. IEEE Piscataway NJ pp. 395\u2013397(2010).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCENG.2010.5560406"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/AR9901093"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Summer forage sorghum yield, protein and prussic acid contents as affected by plant density and nitrogen top dressing","volume":"6","author":"Bahrani MJ","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Agric Sci Technol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-037X.2008.00305.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8100409"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.12801"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2016.01.0044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2019.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01904167.2019.1659321"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00981"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2020.104204"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jpln.202000183"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.01079"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(12)60081-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2020.106330"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10535-007-0080-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/err256"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207433"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","first-page":"403","article-title":"Effects of different nitrogen forms and water stress on the growth and osmotic adjustment of rice seedlings","volume":"24","author":"Li HJ","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chinese J Rice Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq432"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2004.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.1542"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/23474"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40362-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-2666-8_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Advances in Agronomy","author":"Suriyagoda LD","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jsfa.10965","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jsfa.10965","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jsfa.10965","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T09:23:47Z","timestamp":1760865827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jsfa.10965"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jsfa.10965"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsfa.10965","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-5142","1097-0010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-5142","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0010","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-06-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}