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It is nontoxic but its poor solubility and low bioavailability hinder its application in the food industry. In this study, a novel carrier, polyethylene glycol\u2010grafted chitosan (PEG\u2010g\u2010CS) was applied to enhance the bioavailability of astaxanthin. It encapsulated astaxanthin completely by solvent evaporation to manufacture astaxanthin using poly (ethylene glycol)\u2010graft\u2010chitosan nanoparticles (ASTA\u2010PEG\u2010g\u2010CS) nanoparticles to improve absorption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The ASTA\u2010PEG\u2010g\u2010CS nanoparticles were spherical, with a particle size below 200\u2009nm and a\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b6<\/jats:italic>\n                      potential of about \u221226\u2009mV. Polyethylene glycol\u2010grafted chitosan can encapsulate astaxanthin well, and the encapsulated astaxanthin was released rapidly \u2013 in 15\u2009min in an\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      release study. In a rat single\u2010pass intestinal perfusion study, a low concentration of ASTA\u2010PEG\u2010g\u2010CS nanoparticle (0.2\u00a0\u03bcg\u2009mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) was better absorbed in the intestine. In particular, the jejunum could absorb most astaxanthin without a change in the concentration. An\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      release study also demonstrated that ASTA\u2010PEG\u2010g\u2010CS nanoparticles enhanced oral bioavailability significantly.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This novel carrier, PEG\u2010g\u2010CS, provided a simple way to encapsulate food, which improved the bioavailability of hydrophobic ingredients. \u00a9 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.11435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T01:46:23Z","timestamp":1627350383000},"page":"1002-1011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Improved intestinal absorption and oral bioavailability of astaxanthin using poly (ethylene glycol)\u2010graft\u2010chitosan nanoparticles: preparation,\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                    evaluation, and pharmacokinetics in rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4309-3967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug\/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University  Zhenjiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengqing","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug\/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University  Zhenjiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youwu","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug\/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University  Zhenjiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug\/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University  Zhenjiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug\/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University  Zhenjiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Adu","family":"Firempong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry C. 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