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However, the effect of TRF on hypothalamic function remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Results showed that TRF significantly increased the activities of digestive enzymes lipase, maltase in the duodenum and lipase, trypsin in the pancreas whereas significantly decreased serum gastrointestinal hormones gastrin, glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and ghrelin. Metabolites related to amino acid metabolism, including citrulline, kynurenine,\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010acetylleucine,\n                      <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                      \u2010tryptophan, and\n                      <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                      \u2010tyrosine, significantly increased in the TRF group. Differential metabolites were mainly enriched in phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis and tryptophan metabolism. Transcriptomic analysis of hypothalamus showed that a total of 462 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly changed by TRF. In particular, DEGs such as\n                      <jats:italic>DDC<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>TH<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>GOT2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>DBH<\/jats:italic>\n                      involved in aromatic amino acid metabolism pathways were significantly downregulated, whereas the expression of\n                      <jats:italic>CYP1B1<\/jats:italic>\n                      was significantly upregulated. Moreover, DEGs (\n                      <jats:italic>PDYN<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>PPP3CA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) involved in amphetamine addiction and cocaine addiction were also downregulated in the TRF group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Taken together, these results suggested that TRF improved the digestion and absorption of nutrients and thus increased the accessibilities of aromatic amino acids. The increasing of circulating aromatic amino acids might mediate the regulatory neuroendocrine effects of TRF regimes on the hypothalamus functions, especially on drug addictions. This study reveals a possible mechanism underlying the effects of regulating feeding patterns on the function of the hypothalamus by altering aromatic amino acids metabolism. \u00a9 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.12256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T22:43:37Z","timestamp":1665182617000},"page":"1578-1587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Time\u2010restricted feeding affects transcriptomic profiling of hypothalamus in pigs through regulating aromatic amino acids metabolism"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9513-5711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal 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