{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T07:07:38Z","timestamp":1792393658686,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Laboratory\u2010scale experiments have shown that treatment with selective lignin\u2010degrading white\u2010rot fungi improves the nutritional value and ruminal degradability of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB). However, the lack of effective field\u2010applicable pasteurization methods has long been recognized as a major obstacle for scaling up the technique for fungal treatment of large quantities of LCB for animal feeding. In this study, wheat straw (an LCB substrate) was subjected to four field\u2010applicable pasteurization methods \u2013 hot\u2010water, formaldehyde fumigation, steam, and hydrated lime \u2013 and cultured with <jats:italic>Pleurotus ostreatus<\/jats:italic> grain spawn for 10, 20, and 30\u2009days under solid\u2010state fermentation. Samples of untreated, pasteurized but non\u2010inoculated and fungus\u2010treated straws were analyzed for chemical composition, aflatoxin B<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> (AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>), and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> total gas (IVGP), methane (CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>), and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the 30\u2010day fungal treatment, steam and lime pasteurized straws had the greatest loss of lignin, resulting in marked improvements in crude protein (CP), IVDMD, IVGP, and total VFAs. Irrespective of the pasteurization method, the increase in IVDMD during fungal treatment was linearly (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.77\u20130.92) related to lignin\u2010loss in the substrate during fungal treatment. The CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> production of the fungus\u2010treated straw was not affected by the pasteurization methods. Aflatoxin B<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> was within the safe level (&lt;5\u2009\u03bcg\u2009kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) in all pasteurized, fungus treated straws.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Steam and lime were promising field\u2010applicable pasteurization techniques to produce nutritionally improved fungus\u2010treated wheat straw to feed ruminants. Lime pasteurization was more economical and did not require expensive energy inputs. \u00a9 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.13108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T10:03:07Z","timestamp":1699437787000},"page":"2215-2224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Novel techniques for the mass production of nutritionally improved, fungus\u2010treated lignocellulosic biomass for ruminant nutrition"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Abubakar","family":"Sufyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Agro\u2010Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture The Chinese Academy of Sciences  Changsha China"},{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition The University of Agriculture  Peshawar Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Animal Science 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