{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T06:24:03Z","timestamp":1782714243694,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Ginkgo biloba<\/jats:italic> seeds (GBS) are rich in flavonoids, proteins and reducing sugar, and have been consumed as food and medicinal nuts for thousands of years. However, the presence of ginkgotoxins and their poor palatability limit people's consumption of them.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study used solid\u2010state fermentation with <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis natto<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Lactobacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic> to enhance the safety and benefits of GBS. Optimized fermentation conditions increased the content of beneficial components like total flavonoids, soluble protein and reducing sugar while eliminating unpleasant odors (isoamyl aldehyde and hexanal) and reducing the toxin 4\u2032\u2010<jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\u2010methylpyridoxine by 91.17%. Fermentation of GBS powder can significantly enhance its anti\u2010inflammatory and antioxidant activities <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Furthermore, it exhibits a dose\u2010dependent effect within a certain concentration range. Mixed fermentation (FBnLp) was evaluated for its effects on obesity and metabolic syndrome in mice fed a high\u2010fat diet. FBnLp significantly reduced body and liver weight gain, prevented dyslipidemia and decreased inflammatory and oxidative stress compared to unfermented GBS. Histological analysis showed that FBnLp improved liver health by reducing fat accumulation and preventing non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease. Meanwhile, it was found that feeding FBnLp increased the expression of <jats:italic>CPT\u20101\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, which regulates energy expenditure and fat breakdown, and downregulated the expression of <jats:italic>SREBP\u20101c<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>FAS<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ACC<\/jats:italic>, which regulate fat synthesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>This research provides new insights and technological support for the application and development of FBnLp as a functional product, addressing key issues in its use and industry growth. \u00a9 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.14033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T05:37:55Z","timestamp":1731562675000},"page":"2607-2620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sequential fermentation of <scp><i>Ginkgo biloba<\/i><\/scp> seeds by <scp><i>Bacillus subtilis natto<\/i><\/scp> and <scp><i>Lactobacillus plantarum<\/i><\/scp> enhanced nutrition, flavor and lipid\u2010lowering activity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Yun","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Co\u2010Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Jinpu Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianying","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Co\u2010Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Jinpu Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunpeng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Co\u2010Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Co\u2010Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lulu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Co\u2010Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9181-1391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Co\u2010Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuliang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Co\u2010Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linguo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Co\u2010Innovation 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