{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:41:51Z","timestamp":1760920911045,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ginsenosides, the primary active ingredients in <jats:italic>Panax ginseng<\/jats:italic>, are secondary metabolites. However, their content varies significantly across batches due to differences in environmental conditions and production methods. Ecological stress can increase the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants, and ROS can enhance secondary metabolism. Nitric oxide (NO) can promote the production of O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u00b7\u2010<\/jats:sup> and H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. This study utilized physiological and non\u2010targeted metabolomics to investigate how NO regulates ginseng quality and how <jats:italic>P. ginseng<\/jats:italic> adapts to adversity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sodium nitroprusside (SNP, an NO donor) at 0.5\u2009mmol\u00b7L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> significantly increased ROS levels, with O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u00b7\u2010<\/jats:sup> increasing by 64.3% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;\u20090.01) and H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> by 79.2% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;\u20090.01). Nitric oxide influenced <jats:italic>P. ginseng<\/jats:italic> metabolism, with 24 metabolites showing significant differences. Rotenone, lactic acid, and gluconic acid, which are involved in ROS metabolism, increased significantly, whereas tyrosine decreased. Metabolites involved in secondary metabolic pathways, including campesterol, ginsenosides Rh<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, Rb<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, Rc, Rd, Rg<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, increased markedly, whereas 2,3\u2010oxidosqualene, glucose 1\u2010phosphate, ferulic acid, and pyrogallol decreased. Isocitric acid, succinic acid, and 3\u2010isopropylmalic acid, associated with respiratory metabolism, showed significant increases, but pyruvic acid decreased. Finally, 18:0 Lyso PC and 9\u2010hydroxy\u201010E,12Z\u2010octadecadienoic acid, linked to cell membrane protection, increased significantly, and mannose and raffinose decreased.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sodium nitroprusside enhances the physiological resilience of <jats:italic>P. ginseng<\/jats:italic> under stress and improves its quality. \u00a9 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.14062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T05:55:11Z","timestamp":1733896511000},"page":"2800-2810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metabolomics\u2010based analysis of nitric oxide regulation of ginseng herb 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