{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T06:40:16Z","timestamp":1776840016610,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E0211001\u201005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E0211001\u201005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chili pepper is a widely cultivated crop known for its bioactive compounds, culinary significance and nutritional value. In Korea, traditional (Subicho) and disease\u2010resistant (Bulkala and Kaltanbaksa) cultivars are crucial. Ripening involves complex metabolic transformations, including chlorophyll degradation, carotenoid accumulation and alterations in carbohydrate, amino acid and organic acid metabolism \u2013 affecting fruit quality, sensory attributes and stress resilience. Despite insights from metabolomics, research is limited, including on traditional and enhanced cultivars. This study used <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)\u2010based metabolomics to assess ripening\u2010related metabolic alterations across different pepper tissues (pericarp, placenta and seed) \u2013 offering insights into genetic and biochemical factors underlying fruit maturation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H and two\u2010dimensional NMR spectroscopy (total correlation spectroscopy and heteronuclear single\u2010quantum correlation) identified primary metabolites in ripe and unripe pericarp, placenta and seed tissues. Orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis and hierarchical clustering revealed metabolic differences between ripening stages and cultivars. The pericarp exhibited increased glucose, fructose and trehalose levels \u2013 enhancing sweetness and structural integrity. The placenta was crucial for nutrient transport, with high glutamine and aspartic acid levels in unripe fruits, whereas the seed accumulated leucine, valine, choline and fatty acids during maturation \u2013 serving as an energy source. Disease\u2010resistant cultivars exhibited increased levels of soluble carbohydrates and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, indicating enhanced metabolic activity and stress tolerance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study highlights the metabolic mechanisms underlying pepper ripening, emphasizing cultivar\u2010specific variations that affect fruit quality, storage stability and processing. These findings offer valuable insights into breeding strategies to optimize productivity, flavor and nutritional composition. \u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.14313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T07:39:22Z","timestamp":1745912362000},"page":"6084-6093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Ripening\u2010related metabolic changes in different chili pepper cultivars revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Gi\u2010Un","family":"Seong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Manufacturing Research Group Korea Food Research Institute  Wanju\u2010gun Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dae\u2010Yong","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Manufacturing Research Group Korea Food Research Institute  Wanju\u2010gun Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeong\u2010Seok","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Manufacturing Research Group Korea Food Research Institute  Wanju\u2010gun Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seul\u2010Ki","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Manufacturing Research Group Korea Food Research Institute  Wanju\u2010gun Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gyu Seok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Manufacturing Research Group Korea Food Research Institute  Wanju\u2010gun Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeong Hee","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Manufacturing Research Group Korea Food Research Institute  Wanju\u2010gun Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kee\u2010Jai","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Manufacturing Research Group Korea Food Research Institute  Wanju\u2010gun Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4806-2046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong\u2010Ho","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Manufacturing Research Group Korea Food Research Institute  Wanju\u2010gun Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.9692"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.11726"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11112217"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jef.2016.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9787\/PBB.2015.3.2.088"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-023-04388-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-022-04187-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-021-09789-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12020231"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.16019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.879182"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13580-023-00530-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b01675"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2023.100440"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1761287"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13131966"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae9101092"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.864086"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41348-020-00395-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.237"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13765-021-00598-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cem.859"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cem.1006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109797"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2016.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","first-page":"156","article-title":"1H NMR reveals dynamic changes of primary metabolites in purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) juice during maturation and ripening","volume":"12","author":"Md Nor S","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agri"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10010037"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","article-title":"Recent advances in NMR\u2010based metabolomics of alcoholic beverages","volume":"2","author":"Tabago MKAG","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2021.108292"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1049785"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25163738"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092558"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2021.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10050187"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2013.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-022-03685-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23136985"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095186"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae10111187"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-022-04065-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo9050093"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-007-0059-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsf2.185"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43897-022-00024-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.01554"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jsfa.14313","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T14:39:40Z","timestamp":1760884780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jsfa.14313"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jsfa.14313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsfa.14313","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-5142","1097-0010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-5142","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0010","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}