{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T18:26:18Z","timestamp":1772994378348,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008323","name":"Zanjan University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A\u201011\u20101736\u20103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A\u201011\u20101736\u20103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008323","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis was conducted to investigate the spread of viral contamination (hepatitis A, human norovirus, astrovirus and adenovirus) in vegetables and fruits. The most frequent types of vegetables involved were chicory (73%), silver beet (50%), watercress (34%), leek (30%) and purslane (21%). Vegetables exhibited a higher pooled prevalence of viral contamination (2%; 95% confidence interval\u2009=\u20091\u20133%) than fruits (no prevalence was observed). High levels of virus prevalence in vegetables were recorded in Argentina (35%), Egypt (23%) and Belgium (23%), whereas, for fruits, the most contaminated products were related to products from Egypt (20%). The most common viral contaminations in products were human astrovirus (29%) and human adenovirus (26%) for vegetables and porcine adenovirus (2%) for fruits. Fresh vegetables (2%) and frozen fruits (4%) had higher reports of viral prevalence than frozen vegetables and fresh fruits. In addition, frozen vegetables and fresh fruits were not reported for viral contamination. Our findings showed that the prevalence of virus prevalence has a direct relationship with climatological parameters, and regardless of Egypt (total 25.52% contamination), areas with humidity above the range of 65\u201370%, average temperature of 10\u201315\u2009\u00b0C and annual rainfall of approximately 1000\u2009mm, the prevalence showed higher viral contamination (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Moreover, the results show that countries with a low Global Food Security Index had high infection rates (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Governments should ensure that, through risk management protocols, the possibility of zoonotic infection transmission in fruits and vegetables is continuously monitored and controlled to reduce the risk of contamination. \u00a9 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.14330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T04:48:39Z","timestamp":1746593319000},"page":"7607-7618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A global systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of virus prevalence in vegetables and fruits: meta\u2010regression approaches of climatology and food security index effects"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2670-0956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fataneh","family":"Hashempour\u2010baltork","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Halal Research 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Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kosar","family":"Gerami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health Zanjan University of Medical Sciences  Zanjan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saeid","family":"Vahedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health Zanjan University of Medical Sciences  Zanjan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Mardanian\u2010jaghanab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health Zanjan University of Medical Sciences  Zanjan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8301-4229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hedayat","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Food Safety Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naim","family":"Montazeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of Florida  Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Hassanzadazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School 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