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It is perhaps less appreciated that natural and managed soils are an important source and sink for atmospheric <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> and that, primarily as a result of the activities of soil microorganisms, there is a soil\u2010derived respiratory flux of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> to the atmosphere that overshadows by tenfold the annual <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> flux from fossil fuel emissions. Therefore small changes in the soil carbon cycle could have large impacts on atmospheric <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> concentrations. Here we discuss the role of soil microbes in the global carbon cycle and review the main methods that have been used to identify the microorganisms responsible for the processing of plant photosynthetic carbon inputs to soil. We discuss whether application of these techniques can provide the information required to underpin the management of agro\u2010ecosystems for carbon sequestration and increased agricultural sustainability. We conclude that, although crucial in enabling the identification of plant\u2010derived carbon\u2010utilising microbes, current technologies lack the high\u2010throughput ability to quantitatively apportion carbon use by phylogentic groups and its use efficiency and destination within the microbial metabolome. It is this information that is required to inform rational manipulation of the plant\u2013soil system to favour organisms or physiologies most important for promoting soil carbon storage in agricultural soil. \u00a9 2014 The Authors. <jats:italic>Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture<\/jats:italic> published by JohnWiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,15]],"date-time":"2014-01-15T02:46:47Z","timestamp":1389754007000},"page":"2362-2371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":552,"title":["The role of soil microbes in the global carbon cycle: tracking the below\u2010ground microbial processing of plant\u2010derived carbon for manipulating carbon dynamics in agricultural systems"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Christos","family":"Gougoulias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science University of Reading RG6 6DW United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna M","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science University of Reading RG6 6DW United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liz J","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science University of Reading RG6 6DW United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1153213"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"183","volume-title":"Climate Change 2001. 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