{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:55:49Z","timestamp":1777668949643,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]],"date-time":"2014-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ontario Research Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Harmonia axyridis<\/jats:italic> (multicolored Asian ladybeetle) and <jats:italic>Coccinella septempunctata<\/jats:italic> (seven\u2010spot ladybeetle) (Coccinellidae) are found in many wine regions in Europe and the Americas, where they are responsible for a pronounced wine fault known as \u2018ladybug taint\u2019 when incorporated with grapes during harvest operations. Methoxypyrazines have been proposed in the literature as the compounds responsible for the taint. This study sought to expand on this identification and also determine the effectiveness of heating Coccinellidae\u2010affected grape must prior to fermentation as a possible remedial intervention. Riesling and Pinot noir grapes were infested with <jats:italic>H. axyridis<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>C. septempunctata<\/jats:italic> at different densities and fermented to dryness. The Pinot noir was either must heated prior to fermentation or processed without heating (control). All wines were analyzed for 2\u2010isopropyl\u2010, 2\u2010<jats:italic>sec<\/jats:italic>\u2010butyl\u2010, 2\u2010isobutyl\u2010 and 2,5\u2010dimethyl\u20103\u2010methoxypyrazine using headspace solid phase microextraction\/multidimensional gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Concentrations of 2\u2010isopropyl\u20103\u2010methoxypyrazine increased with beetle density for both Coccinellidae species, while other methoxypyrazines showed inconsistent or no variation with infestations levels. Heating of Pinot noir grapes prior to fermentation resulted in a moderate decrease in all methoxypyrazines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results provide direction for more targeted treatments aimed at remediating musts\/wines affected by Coccinellidae and indicate that winegrowers do not need to differentiate between <jats:italic>H. axyridis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. septempunctata<\/jats:italic> when making action threshold decisions in the vineyard or winery. \u00a9 2014 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,24]],"date-time":"2014-05-24T06:40:42Z","timestamp":1400913642000},"page":"509-514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Methoxypyrazine composition of Coccinellidae\u2010tainted Riesling and Pinot noir wine from Germany"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Susanne","family":"K\u00f6gel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius K\u00fchn\u2010Institut, Federal Research Center for Cultivated Plants Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture  Geilweilerhof D\u201076833 Siebeldingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"Botezatu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cool Climate Oenology and Viticulture Institute Brock University  St Catharines Ontario L2S 3A1 Canada"},{"name":"Environmental Sustainability Research Centre Brock University  St Catharines Ontario L2S 3A1 Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius K\u00fchn\u2010Institut, Federal Research Center for Cultivated Plants Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture  Geilweilerhof D\u201076833 Siebeldingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Pickering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cool Climate Oenology and Viticulture Institute Brock University  St Catharines Ontario L2S 3A1 Canada"},{"name":"Environmental Sustainability Research Centre Brock University  St Catharines Ontario L2S 3A1 Canada"},{"name":"Departments of Biological Sciences and Psychology Brock University  St Catharines Ontario L2S 3A1 Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"897","article-title":"2\u2010Methoxypyrazines and flavours of green peas (Pisum sativum)","volume":"27","author":"Murray K","year":"1970","journal-title":"Chem Ind"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2621.2001.00505.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2003.tb14171.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-8274-2618-5_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.1991.42.2.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"211","article-title":"Methoxypyrazine grape flavour: influence of climate, cultivar and viticulture","volume":"48","author":"Allen MS","year":"1993","journal-title":"Wein\u2010Wissenschaft"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf049927z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"630","article-title":"Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), the 3rd species of the genus to be found in the United States (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)","volume":"93","author":"Chapin JB","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Entomol Soc Wash"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02373146"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4039\/Ent127609-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"The use of Harmonia axyridis larvae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) against Macrosiphum rosae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae) on rose bushes","volume":"93","author":"Ferran A","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Entomol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bcon.1996.0029"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) in apple orchards of eastern West Virginia and the impact of invasion by Harmonia axyridis","volume":"109","author":"Brown MW","year":"1998","journal-title":"Entomol News"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"Presencia de Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) en la Provincia de Buenos Aires. 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