{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T21:06:07Z","timestamp":1776287167792,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020363","name":"Institute for Information Industry, Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 110\u20102320\u2010B\u2010040\u2010008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110\u20102320\u2010B\u2010040\u2010008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020363","name":"Institute for Information Industry, Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 107\u20102628\u2010B\u2010005\u2010002\u2010MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 107\u20102628\u2010B\u2010005\u2010002\u2010MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peptic ulcers, particularly gastric ulcers (GUs), are multifactorial disorders with unclear mechanisms. Black garlic (BG) has shown gastroprotective effects. This study evaluated the effects of BG and epigallocatechin gallate\u2010impregnated BG (EG) in acidic ethanol (AE)\u2010induced GU model mice. Mice were pretreated with BG or EG (50\u2013200\u2009mg\/kg) for 7\u2009days before ulcer induction. Oral acute toxicity evaluations for BG and EG were also conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Oral acute toxicity evaluations showed elevated serum renal function indices at 5\u2009g\/kg of BG and 10\u2009g\/kg of EG but without histopathological liver or kidney damage. Both BG and EG pretreatments reduced ulcer indices, with EG offering stronger and significant protection. EG pretreatments also showed higher gastric mucosal accumulations. They significantly decreased AE\u2010induced malondialdehyde levels and restored glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. AE\u2010induced serum levels of tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha (TNF\u2010\u03b1), interleukin\u20106 (IL\u20106), interleukin\u20101 beta (IL\u20101\u03b2), as well as gastric transcript levels of\n                      <jats:italic>TNF\u2010\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>IL\u20106<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>IL\u20101\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>cyclooxygenase\u20102<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>inducible nitric oxide synthase<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>myeloperoxidase<\/jats:italic>\n                      , were suppressed. EG further reduced AE\u2010induced phosphorylations of extracellular signal\u2010regulated kinase, c\u2010jun\u2010N\u2010terminal kinase, p38, nuclear factor kappa\u2010light\u2010chain\u2010enhancer of activated B cells (NF\u2010\u03baB), and inhibitor of \u03baB.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      EG2 showed stronger gastroprotective activity than BG by modulating oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and mitogen\u2010activated protein kinase (MAPK)\/NF\u2010\u03baB signaling pathways. This study supports the application of EG as a value\u2010added functional food ingredient for GU prevention. \u00a9 2025 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.70109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T10:18:08Z","timestamp":1754389088000},"page":"8717-8732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring gastroprotective effect and mechanisms of epigallocatechin gallate\u2010impregnated black garlic in acidic ethanol\u2010induced gastric ulcer model mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Ming\u2010Shiun","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Foods on Health Application Da\u2010Yeh University  Changhua Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Optometry Da\u2010Yeh University  Changhua Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunn\u2010Guang","family":"Liou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research and Development, College of Medicine National Taiwan University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0533-9762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang\u2010Wei","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology National Chung Hsing University  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research China Medical University Hospital  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Food Science National Ilan University  Yilan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiunn\u2010Wang","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pin\u2010Yen","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Chung Shan Medical University  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao\u2010Kai","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology National Chung Hsing University  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan\u2010Jou","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Chung Shan Medical University  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7024-1676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sue\u2010Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Chung Shan Medical University  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research Chung Shan Medical University Hospital  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2023.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524021666210806161835"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12060"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173469"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2016.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12529"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22060919"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2024.100717"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26165028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12937"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031801"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.109130"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27206992"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12081584"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13111665"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13233974"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.108628"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26164746"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","article-title":"The protective effect of aged garlic extract on nonsteroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drug\u2010induced gastric inflammations in male albino rats","volume":"2014","author":"Badr GM","year":"2014","journal-title":"eCAM"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3370-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl14509"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30607\/kvj.1416456"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13070832"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096801"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2014.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020584"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612013398491"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110075"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2017.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-0105.177703"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c00269"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.09.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-4257(01)00034-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.10.1394"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24339"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2011.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2013.05.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2012.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2011.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","first-page":"349","article-title":"Characterization of \u201cunhealed gastric ulcers\u201d produced with chronic exposure of acetic acid ulcers to indomethacin in rats","volume":"54","author":"Amagase K","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2006.09.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.49.3.443"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.6.501"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2025.102838"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111985"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2021.2006951"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2083"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c00621"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jsfa.70109","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T08:03:47Z","timestamp":1762589027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jsfa.70109"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jsfa.70109"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsfa.70109","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-5142","1097-0010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-5142","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0010","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}