{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:36:34Z","timestamp":1792013794156,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n \n This study aimed to compare the use of real\u2010time\n \n CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n , temperature (\n T<\/jats:italic>\n ) and relative humidity (\n RH<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) sensors as indicators of stored grain quality management, specifically for early detection of mould activity and mycotoxin contamination. Initial experiments were conducted using mini\u2010silos containing naturally contaminated wheat grain (1.5\u2009kg) stored at different moisture contents of 15\u201330% (water activity,\n a<\/jats:italic>\n w<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u20090.78 to 0.98), to evaluate their effects on grain respiration.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n \n Respiration rates and dry matter losses increased with grain moisture content. A larger\u2010scale, nine\u2010month study was then conducted using two pilot\u2010scale silos (2.5\u2009t; 1400\u2009cm diameter; 2050\u2009cm height) equipped with ATEX\u2010compliant CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \/RH\/\n T<\/jats:italic>\n sensors. A \u2018wet pocket\u2019 was simulated by introducing water to a localised area to mimic a water ingress event. This led to a rapid rise in CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n levels while\n T<\/jats:italic>\n remained relatively stable. Mycotoxin analyses of the affected and unaffected regions showed a clear increase in the concentration and diversity of mycotoxins, particularly aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, deoxynivalenol, deoxynivaenol\u20103\u2010glucoside and moniliformin, in the wet pocket area.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n \n Real\u2010time CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n monitoring provided a faster and more sensitive indication of spoilage and mycotoxin risk compared to\n T<\/jats:italic>\n and RH measurements. This highlights the potential for developing early\u2010warning systems for stored grain management based predominantly on continuous CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n monitoring. \u00a9 2025 The Author(s).\n Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture<\/jats:italic>\n published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.70151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T09:45:16Z","timestamp":1756374316000},"page":"8985-8993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Real\u2010time\n \n CO\n 2<\/sub>\n <\/scp>\n monitoring for early detection of grain spoilage and mycotoxin contamination"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Elisavet","family":"Kiaitsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences King's College London London 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