{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:26:22Z","timestamp":1787235982263,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014786","name":"Northern Border University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NBU\u2010CRP\u20102025\u2010249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NBU\u2010CRP\u20102025\u2010249"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) is a key driver of climate change, making it essential to understand its effects on crop growth and metabolism. This study examines maize C01 (inbred) and B73 (mutant), under elevated CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (600, 1200 and 1800\u2009ppm) at three growth stages [40, 70 and 90\u2009days after sowing (DAS)].\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At 600\u2009ppm CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , plant height, leaf area and biomass increased, whereas higher concentrations led to significant declines. C01 accumulated more sugars and total non\u2010structural carbohydrates, whereas B73 showed higher starch levels. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents decreased under elevated CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , with the most pronounced reductions at 1800\u2009ppm. Folate content peaked at 70\u2009DAS, with B73 exhibiting consistently higher levels than C01. Lignin accumulation and composition varied across genotypes, tissues and CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels. At 600\u2009ppm, lignin content increased in leaves and stems but declined at 1800\u2009ppm. The syringyl\u2010to\u2010guaiacyl ratio and lignin monomer composition differed between genotypes, with C01 displaying stronger phloroglucinol staining and higher lignin content than B73. Gene expression analysis revealed that key lignin biosynthesis genes (\n                      <jats:italic>ZmPAL<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>ZmCAD<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>ZmCCR<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Zm4CL<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>ZmCOMT<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>ZmCCoAOMT<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) were upregulated at 600\u2009ppm but significantly downregulated at 1800\u2009ppm, particularly in B73.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings highlight genotype\u2010specific responses to elevated CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , emphasizing its influence on maize growth, lignin biosynthesis and folate metabolism. The study provides valuable insights for future crop management and breeding strategies in the face of rising atmospheric CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels. \u00a9 2025 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.70251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T09:14:31Z","timestamp":1760606071000},"page":"1283-1298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The influence of rising carbon dioxide on maize development: genotypic differences in growth, lignification and folate 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