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This study investigated the combined effects of dietary inulin and rumen\u2010bypass fat on bile acid metabolism, gut microbiota, and mucosal immunity in weaned goats. Eighteen 3\u2010month\u2010old Liuyang black goats (8.97\u2009\u00b1\u20090.19\u2009kg) were randomly assigned to two isoenergetic diets for 35\u2009days: a control corn\u2010based diet (CON) or a high\u2010fat inulin diet (INU), containing 144\u2009g\u2009kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      rumen\u2010bypass fat and 189\u2009g\u2009kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      inulin. Colonic chyme, liver, ileum, and colon tissues were analyzed for microbial diversity (16S rRNA sequencing), bile acid profiles, gene expression, and inflammatory markers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The INU diet significantly improved colonic microbial diversity, indicated by higher Shannon and Simpson indices (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). It increased beneficial taxa such as\n                      <jats:italic>Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005) and\n                      <jats:italic>Olsenella<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.028), while reducing the pro\u2010inflammatory genus\n                      <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Bile acid metabolism was modulated, with reductions in primary bile acids (glycocholic acid, taurocholic acid;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), secondary bile acids (12\u2010ketolithocholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), and an increase in taurocholic acid (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Hepatic and colonic expression of bile acid regulators (farnesoid X receptor, pregnane X receptor) and transporters (apical sodium\u2010dependent bile salt transporter, organic solute transporter\u2010\u03b1) was downregulated (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), suggesting improved enterohepatic circulation. Inulin activated colonic toll\u2010like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling, upregulating myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88\u2010dependent (interleukin\u20101 receptor\u2010associated kinase, TIRAP, TAB2, nuclear factor \u03baB) and toll\u2010containing interleukin\u20101 receptor domain adaptor protein (TRIF)\u2010dependent (TRIF, TBK1, interferon \u03b2) pathways (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), while suppressing interferon regulatory factor 5 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and elevating inflammatory markers (interleukin 6, interleukin 12 beta, NLRP3;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), indicating a balanced immune response that supports mucosal development.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The synergistic effects of inulin and rumen\u2010bypass fat reshape gut microbiota, optimize bile acid metabolism, and enhance TLR4\u2010mediated immunity, offering a novel dietary strategy to improve intestinal health and resilience in weaned ruminants. \u00a9 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.70313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T12:03:51Z","timestamp":1763035431000},"page":"1927-1939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The synergistic effects of inulin and rumen\u2010bypass fat on host immunity, bile acid profiles, and gut microbiota in weaned goats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Jinjia","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Forage Breeding\u2010by\u2010Design and Utilization, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Changsha China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6178-2809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junrui","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Forage Breeding\u2010by\u2010Design and Utilization, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Changsha China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5969-8616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazir Ahmad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Forage 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