{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:45:28Z","timestamp":1785836728863,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Polyphenols derived from\n                      <jats:italic>Morus alba<\/jats:italic>\n                      leaves exhibit strong antioxidant and neuroprotective activities, positioning them as promising candidates for mitigating neurotoxicity caused by environmental contaminants such as glyphosate. Nevertheless, their clinical translation is hindered by poor physicochemical stability, low aqueous solubility, and limited bioavailability. This study investigates whether nanoencapsulation can enhance the stability and neuroprotective efficacy of\n                      <jats:italic>M. alba<\/jats:italic>\n                      polyphenols against glyphosate\u2010induced oxidative brain injury.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Morus alba<\/jats:italic>\n                      leaf extract was nanoencapsulated using maltodextrin\u2010based freeze\u2010drying encapsulation. The encapsulated\n                      <jats:italic>M. alba<\/jats:italic>\n                      leaf extract (EMLE) demonstrated superior stability, retaining higher levels of total polyphenols (2136.36\u2009mg GAE\/100\u2009g), flavonoids (389.45\u2009mg QE\/100\u2009g), and enhanced antioxidant capacity (DPPH: 161.69\u2009mmol Trolox\/100\u2009g) compared to free extracts.\n                      <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      evaluation in glyphosate\u2010treated rats revealed that EMLE significantly reduced oxidative stress biomarkers including malondialdehyde (from 3.86 to 1.68\u2009nmol\/mg), protein carbonyls, and hydrogen peroxide levels. EMLE restored antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)), normalized brain calcium and iron homeostasis, and reduced neuronal membrane damage as evidenced by decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nanoencapsulation substantially enhances the stability, bioavailability, and neuroprotective efficacy of\n                      <jats:italic>M. alba<\/jats:italic>\n                      polyphenols through multiple synergistic mechanisms including physical shielding, reduced molecular mobility, and controlled release kinetics. These findings support the development of encapsulated\n                      <jats:italic>M. alba<\/jats:italic>\n                      extracts as targeted nutraceutical interventions against environmental neurotoxicants. \u00a9 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.70325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T11:54:48Z","timestamp":1764158088000},"page":"2222-2230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanoencapsulation of mulberry (\n                    <i>Morus alba<\/i>\n                    ) polyphenols potentiates neuroprotection against glyphosate\u2010induced oxidative and inflammatory brain injury in rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6166-3217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olfa","family":"Rebai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Ecochimie, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology University of Carthage  Tunis Tunisia"},{"name":"Research Unit of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, 00\/UR\/08\u201001, Faculty of Science of Tunis University El Manar  Tunis Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malek Ben","family":"Temseek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Ecochimie, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology University of Carthage  Tunis Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Amri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, 00\/UR\/08\u201001, Faculty of Science of Tunis University El Manar  Tunis Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Fattouch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Ecochimie, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology University of Carthage  Tunis Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Glyphosate: herbicide, health concerns, and regulatory status","volume":"15","author":"Duke SO","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agric Sci Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","article-title":"Glyphosate residues and their impact on human health","volume":"92","author":"Ramirez M","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"222","article-title":"Toxicological effects of glyphosate: an updated review","volume":"11","author":"Wang Y","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and health effects of plant polyphenols","volume":"378","author":"Wang X","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"2738","article-title":"Polyphenols and their potential roles in nutraceuticals and cosmetics","volume":"26","author":"Lee YJ","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"1721","article-title":"Limitations in polyphenol bioavailability and strategies for improvement","volume":"60","author":"Zhou Z","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","article-title":"Challenges in bioavailability of phenolic compounds and their solutions","volume":"391","author":"Kumar A","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Microencapsulation technologies in functional foods and nutraceuticals","volume":"107","author":"Smith JA","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","article-title":"Microencapsulation and nanotechnology: advances in controlled release and drug delivery","volume":"587","author":"Gupta R","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"1340","article-title":"Nanoencapsulation techniques for polyphenol delivery: A critical review","volume":"63","author":"Patel R","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","article-title":"Nanoencapsulation of polyphenols: improving solubility and stability for nutraceutical applications","volume":"323","author":"Singh R","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Food Eng"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Enhanced bioefficacy of nanoencapsulated phenolics: A review","volume":"132","author":"Morales M","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"451","article-title":"Phytochemical composition and health benefits of Morus alba: A review","volume":"22","author":"Chen J","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytochem Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","article-title":"Bioactive compounds from Morus alba: antioxidant and pharmacological perspectives","volume":"285","author":"Silva MF","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Health benefits and bioactive compounds of Morus alba: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Patel M","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacogn Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of Morus alba bioactives in models of neurotoxicity","volume":"172","author":"Kim JH","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"120","article-title":"Functional food ingredients from Morus alba: applications and benefits","volume":"27","author":"Lopez M","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci Technol Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"112","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of nanoencapsulated mulberry extracts against glyphosate\u2010induced toxicity","volume":"43","author":"Zhang W","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurotox Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0115589"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"125","volume-title":"Methods in Food Analysis","author":"Murray J","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf980366j"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity evaluation of Tunisian plant extracts using DPPH assay","volume":"91","author":"Maiza A","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-8584-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"Studies on the determination of serum proteins by the Biuret method","volume":"85","author":"Ohnoshi T","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation assessment using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay in biological samples: methodological considerations and applications","volume":"458","author":"De las Heras\u2010Rosa F","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)45228-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"1206","article-title":"Phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant and antibacterial activity of leaves and stem bark of Morus species","volume":"15","author":"Thabti I","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Food Prop"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","first-page":"399","article-title":"Phytochemical evaluation of white (Morus alba L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry fruits, a starting point for the assessment of their beneficial properties","volume":"25","author":"S\u00e1nchez\u2010Salcedo EM","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","article-title":"Bioactive compounds, antioxidant, anti\u2010inflammatory, anti\u2010cancer, and hepato\u2010renal protective properties of ethanolic extracts of Morus alba","volume":"131","author":"El\u2010Baz FK","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2298\/PIF2101045R"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","first-page":"613","volume-title":"Nanoemulsions: Formulation, Applications, and Characterization","author":"Wani TA","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","first-page":"1814","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity and storage stability of encapsulated mulberry polyphenols","volume":"55","author":"Zhang W","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9100923"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.09.081"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","first-page":"150","article-title":"Nutraceutical applications of mulberry leaf extracts: A review","volume":"20","author":"Sugiyama M","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","first-page":"66","article-title":"Stability challenges of bioactive polyphenols in food processing","volume":"202","author":"Struck S","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2015.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","first-page":"235","article-title":"Encapsulation of bioactives: techniques and applications in food and pharmaceutical industries","volume":"69","author":"Rajabi M","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","first-page":"1385","article-title":"Encapsulation systems for delivery of food bioactive compounds","volume":"43","author":"Mozafari MR","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2010.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2244(01)00002-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2005.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","first-page":"178","article-title":"Metal chelation by plant polyphenols and neuroprotection","volume":"1863","author":"Paix\u00e3o JC","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) \u2010 General Subjects"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","article-title":"Encapsulation enhances neuronal membrane protection against oxidative damage","volume":"153","author":"Zhang Y","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.03.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Brain\u2010Iron Cross Talk","author":"Kadian M","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jsfa.70325","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jsfa.70325","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jsfa.70325","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T08:59:48Z","timestamp":1785833988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jsfa.70325"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jsfa.70325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsfa.70325","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-5142","1097-0010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-5142","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0010","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}