{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:45:43Z","timestamp":1785836743481,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Phenolic compounds are increasingly recognized for their diverse health benefits, particularly their potent antioxidant capacities. To enhance its lipophilicity, stability and bioavailability, hydroxytyrosol has been successfully esterified with various alkyl chains lengths and different isomers (branched\u2010chain and straight\u2010chain), forming hydroxytyrosol\u2010fatty acid acyl esters (Hty\u2010Es). These synthesized Hty\u2010Es, have garnered significant interest and are widely explored in fields such as food preservation because of their superior antioxidant properties. However, little is known about the digestion, fermentation characteristics and the effects on the intestinal microbiota\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study evaluated the influence of hydroxytyrosol (HTy) esterified with fatty acids of varying chain lengths (C2:0, C3:0, C4:0\n                      <jats:sub>n<\/jats:sub>\n                      , C4:0\n                      <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                      , C6:0, C8:0, C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0) on polyphenol sustained\u2010release properties and gut microbiota modulation during simulated\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      digestion, fecal fermentation and\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      fermentation. The findings demonstrated partial hydrolysis of HTy\u2010Es in both simulated gastric fluid and intestinal fluid to slowly release a small amount of polyphenols, suggesting their potential to reach the colon and cecum. Analysis of fermented fecal samples revealed that HTy\u2010Es supplementation modulated microbiota composition, elevating the diversity of\n                      <jats:italic>Actinobacteriota, Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic>\n                      , whereas it decreased the diversity of\n                      <jats:italic>Desulfobacterota, Actinobacteriota, Chloroflexi<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Verrucomicrobiota<\/jats:italic>\n                      . At the genus level, the growth of detrimental genera (\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) was successfully suppressed. Notably, HTy\u2010Es with distinct acyl chain lengths and isomer configurations exhibited divergent effects on polyphenol bioaccessibility and gut microbiome diversity, underscoring their structure\u2010dependent functional potential for health applications.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Conclusively, the slow release of fatty acids and HTy clearly demonstrated that HTy\u2010Es would be an effective approach for enhancing the beneficial health effects of fatty acids and HTy. \u00a9 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  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