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These may be valorized as protein sources that could be used as alternatives to soy and pea in line with the EU Farm to Fork Strategy. This study evaluated potential safety\u2010relevant contaminants and the nutritional quality of hazelnut skin protein (HSP) and pumpkin seed protein (PSP) compared with conventional pea protein (PP) and soy protein (SP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Microbial contaminants, total aflatoxin, pesticides, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons were assessed as satisfactory. Arsenic, cadmium, and lead slightly exceeded regulatory limits, whereas mercury was undetected. Total protein content was 53.93% in HSP, 57.79% in PSP, 48.86% in PP, and 57.89% in SP. All samples largely met the essential amino acid requirements of the World Health Organization (WHO)\/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      cytotoxicity assays showed that HSP and SP significantly affected the viability of colon cancer cells (HCT\u2010116) while remaining non\u2010cytotoxic to fibroblast cells (L929), depending on exposure time and protein concentration (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u20090.05), indicating potentially safe. During\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      digestion, following the Infogest protocol, HSP exhibited high stability at pH 3.4 with moderate solubility of 20 mg L\u207b\u00b9, similar to PSP. Hazelnut skin protein also displayed higher antioxidant activity than SP and PP, reaching 20\u2009mmol TE g\u207b\u00b9 after intestinal digestion between 120 and 240 min.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hazelnut skin and pumpkin seed proteins could serve as alternative protein sources with satisfactory safety and nutritional quality. Further research should focus on safety and nutritional standardization to support their sustainable use as healthy ingredients. \u00a9 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.70391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T12:02:42Z","timestamp":1766404962000},"page":"2786-2799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Safety\u2010relevant contaminants and nutritional quality of hazelnut skin and pumpkin seed proteins"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8759-5016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leila","family":"Mehdizadehtapeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics Department Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University  Rize Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7248-2446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail Hakk\u0131","family":"Tekiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5432-7936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fclden","family":"G\u00f6k\u015fen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Processing Department Tarsus University  Mersin Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3946-5246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El Amine","family":"Ajal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPR of Pharmacognosy Mohammed V University  Rabat Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2190-073X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasemin","family":"Y\u0131lmazer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Genetics Department Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3665-5223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aadil","family":"Bajoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Nationale d'Agriculture de Mekn\u00e8s  Mekn\u00e8s Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2841-5705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferhat","family":"Bostanc\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Genetics Department Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5825-313X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Said","family":"Ennahli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Nationale d'Agriculture de Mekn\u00e8s  Mekn\u00e8s Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44872-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-025-03958-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30092009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"FAIRR Initiative Alternative Proteins RegulationsRetrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.fairr.org\/policy\/regulations\/alternative-proteins#overview. 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