{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:16:09Z","timestamp":1792001769482,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid that is naturally derived from\n                    <jats:italic>Berberis<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, owing to its broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, has been of significant interest due to its high potency for the treatment of metabolic, cardiovascular, neurological, and inflammatory diseases by modulation of cellular signaling pathways, antimicrobial action, and cytoprotection. Its therapeutic use, however, is still marred by poor oral bioavailability. This review aims to assess the therapeutic potential of berberine, highlight its pharmacological and structural characteristics, and discuss formulation advancements that optimize its bioavailability, with specific focus on its application in the control of chronic disease. Recent developments in structure\u2013activity relationships, particularly at positions carbon\u20108 and carbon\u201013, are discussed in addition to nanocarrier drug delivery systems (such as phytosomes, nanoemulsions, solid dispersions, and inclusion complexes). Analytical methods and information from randomized controlled trials were also taken into account for compound isolation\/quantification and therapeutic activity, respectively. The findings demonstrate that improved berberine drug formulations have better absorption, stability, and extended pharmacologic effects, supported by clinical evidence confirming its application in the management of type 2 diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease, and hyperlipidemia. In summary, berberine offers an exciting, multipurpose drug, and further formulation innovation and more rigorous clinical establishment are required to realize its benefits as broad biomedical and nutritional applications. \u00a9 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.70394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T07:28:51Z","timestamp":1766215731000},"page":"5142-5162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A comprehensive compendium of berberine: sources, chemistry, and pharmacological activities"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Nibedita","family":"Mohapatra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara College of Pharmacy Chitkara University  Rajpura India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thakur Gurjeet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara College of Pharmacy Chitkara University  Rajpura India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohit","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara College of Pharmacy Chitkara University  Rajpura India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3266-7649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ankit","family":"Awasthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara College of Pharmacy Chitkara University  Rajpura India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2020.122300"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2017.1350669"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202400911"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26237368"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120697"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-025-04872-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-024-03321-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.62185"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.41.24475"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.940282"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2023.125541"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2013.839714"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2023.104857"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00498254.2011.597456"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14389"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.052407"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2017.1410257"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.40341"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2023.2184300"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47552\/ijam.v13i1.2486"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.alkal.2014.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jpdtsm.jpdtsm_9_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.27697"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13543776.2021.1974001"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S431256"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2020.1837123"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201024666230112141330"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.02.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8100522"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SinghA Plant\u2010Based Isoquinoline Alkaloids: A Chemical and Pharmacological Profile of some Important Leads(2023).","DOI":"10.52711\/0974-4150.2023.00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-89779-2.00020-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27186114"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8528210"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2024.107150"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SahooSandPodiliK In vitro and in silico antioxidant and ROS scavenging activity of Berberis aristata root extract and identification of berberine using UPLC\u2013PDA(2024).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4807564"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7806"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-81846-2_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2025.114021"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42004-023-00821-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1548471"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57280-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2023.154826"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01480545.2011.589437"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141719"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2017.1347227"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56808\/3027-7922.2554"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1122890"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2010.500295"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_52_1","first-page":"305","article-title":"Comparison of helicobacter pylori urease inhibition by Rhizoma Coptidis, cortex Phellodendri, and berberine: mechanisms of interaction with the sulfhydryl group","volume":"82","author":"Li C","year":"2016","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_53_1","article-title":"A comprehensive review on the pharmacological prospects of Terpinen\u20104\u2010ol: from nature to medicine and beyond","volume":"174","author":"Chadha J","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25258\/ijpqa.14.4.25"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25258\/ijpqa.15.1.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25258\/ijpqa.15.2.40"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S22683"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_58_1","article-title":"Sodium alginate polymer nanoformulation as a promising carrier for berberine delivery: synthesis, morphology, and in vitro evaluation","volume":"7","author":"Mehra M","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym Technol Appl"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26650\/IstanbulJPharm.2020.0056"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11111692"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.851255"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S2053229620000662"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-024-02863-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106126"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114247"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2007.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.012674"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phyplu.2021.100070"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2024.117880"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2023.2203857"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.03.064"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S242329"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2022.2142848"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202300561"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life13010125"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2020.1806274"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-99125-4.00016-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17435889.2025.2480051"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2022.23.10.3379"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2021.2024255"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2007.01527.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1429050"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2023.2258559"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-99873-4.00006-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_85_1","first-page":"949","article-title":"Comparative pharmacokinetics of berberine, palmatine, and jatrorrhizine in rat plasma after oral administration of Rhizoma coptidis and Zuojinwan","volume":"11","author":"Yan R","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0113852728277490231211045732"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/jhp.2024.48132"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S144615"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2023.2259460"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_90_1","unstructured":"Z\u00edgoloMA Antiviral activity in silico of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids existing in Berberis lilloana and B. commutata against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 proteins(2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_16_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37283"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S317776"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.02.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_94_1","first-page":"557","article-title":"A review of the effects of Berberis vulgaris and berberine in metabolic syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Tabeshpour J","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44040"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.659631"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_97_1","article-title":"In vitro antischistosomal activity of Argemone mexicana methanolic extract and berberine","volume":"16","author":"Elizondo\u2010Luevano JH","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2012.723219"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020.2017.1329300"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2013.0100"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2023.2286209"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41334-1_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2022.2155782"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114180"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042100"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S230857"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/627375"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202500170"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.06.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29051155"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00801"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00498254.2015.1042537"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13510002.2016.1140406"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1250606"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826076.2017.1381850"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817780-8.00014-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12101883"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_118_1","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms and effects of berberine on obesity\u2010induced inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Noh JW","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_119_1","unstructured":"YueK RongN XuxiangZ HongtaoZandXinN Progress of the anti\u2010obesity effects of berberine. arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.02282(2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_16_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-019-0724-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112531"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1269605"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_123_1","article-title":"Study on the effect of berberine, myoinositol, and metformin in women with PCOS: a randomized prospective study","volume":"14","author":"Mishra N","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103665"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101287"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1013055"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-022-03539-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05011-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_129_1","article-title":"The effect of berberine on lipid profile, liver enzymes, and fasting blood glucose in patients with NAFLD: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Nejati L","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phanu.2023.100364"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06569-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s2175-97902020000318835"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_133_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Radiotherapy enhancing and radioprotective properties of berberine: a systematic review","volume":"58","author":"Raeisi E","year":"2024","journal-title":"Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10593-022-03055-0"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jsfa.70394","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jsfa.70394","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jsfa.70394","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T14:46:55Z","timestamp":1780584415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jsfa.70394"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jsfa.70394"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsfa.70394","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-5142","1097-0010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-5142","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0010","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}