{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T17:18:09Z","timestamp":1785345489221,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, primarily due to its effects on lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of spirulina (SP) on cafeteria diet (CD)\u2010induced myocardial oxidative stress and inflammation using biochemical, histological, and\n                      <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                      molecular docking approaches. This study integrates\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      biochemical and histological analyses with\n                      <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                      absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) profiling of spirulina (SP)\u2010derived phenolic compounds (resorcinol, chlorogenic acid, catechin, syringic acid, sinapic acid, and quercetin) to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of SP\n                      <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Wistar rats were divided into four groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098 per group), and treatments were administered orally once daily for 8\u2009weeks as follows: standard diet (SD) (360\u2009g day\u207b\u00b9), CD (360\u2009g day\u207b\u00b9), CD\u2009+\u2009SP (500\u2009mg\u2009kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      body weight), and SP alone (500\u2009mg\u2009kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      body weight). Body and heart weight, as well as food intake, were recorded. Myocardial oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS)), inflammatory cytokines (interleukin\u20106 (IL\u20106) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      )), and histological changes were analyzed. Molecular docking and ADMET prediction were performed to explore the interactions between SP\u2010derived phenolic compounds and key antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Rats fed with CD exhibited significant weight gain (21.38%), dyslipidemia, increased myocardial oxidative stress, elevated gamma\u2010glutamyl transferase (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b3\u2010<\/jats:italic>\n                      GT) (1.57 U L), and reduced antioxidant defenses. Inflammatory cytokines were markedly upregulated, and histological analysis revealed cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and inflammatory cell infiltration. Spirulina supplementation effectively ameliorated these alterations by improving weight gain (9.85%), lipid profiles, attenuating oxidative stress, reducing\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b3\u2010<\/jats:italic>\n                      GT (0.83\u2009U L), and downregulating inflammatory responses (\n                      <jats:italic>P\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.05). Histological observations confirmed the preservation of myocardial architecture.\n                      <jats:italic>In silico<\/jats:italic>\n                      analysis further demonstrated strong binding affinities between SP phenolic compounds and SOD, and ADMET profiling highlighted their potential \u2013 particularly in the cases of catechin, chlorogenic acid, and syringic acid \u2013 as safe and effective modulators.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Spirulina exerts significant cardioprotective effects against CD\u2010induced myocardial injury by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation, indicating its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for obesity\u2010related cardiovascular disorders. \u00a9 2026 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.70554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T11:40:53Z","timestamp":1773229253000},"page":"4720-4743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cardioprotective effect of spirulina on cafeteria diet\u2010induced cardiac injury\n                    <i>in silico<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                    study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6207-4641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma","family":"Arrari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio\u2010Resources (LR23ES08) Higher 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