{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:55:53Z","timestamp":1791050153933,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Food\u2010derived bioactive peptides are promising alternatives for hypertension management; however, their application depends on favorable safety profiles, gastrointestinal stability, and a well\u2010defined mechanism of action. For legumes, few studies of these aspects and amino acid composition exist. This work provides an integrated characterization of peptide fractions obtained from cowpea (\n                      <jats:italic>Vigna unguiculata<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) seed proteins and establishes amino acid composition\u2013function relationships for antihypertensive applications.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cowpea protein concentrate (648.3\u2009g\u2009kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      protein) was hydrolyzed using Flavourzyme or a sequential pepsin\u2013pancreatin (PP) system, followed by ultrafiltration to obtain fractions of different molecular weights. Angiotensin I\u2010converting enzyme (ACE\u2010I) inhibition kinetics, cytotoxicity in VERO cells, and gastrointestinal stability after simulated digestion were evaluated. Amino acid profiles were determined by high\u2010performance liquid chromatography. All fractions exhibited a non\u2010competitive ACE\u2010I inhibition mechanism, with\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      reduced by 86.6\u201392.1% and minimal changes in\n                      <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Peptides retained 79.5\u201397.2% of inhibitory activity after digestion, with the &lt;1\u2009kDa\u2010PP fraction being the most stable (97.2%). Cytotoxicity IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      values (4.36\u20138.40\u2009\u03bcg\u2009mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) yielded wide safety margins (92\u2010 to 146\u2010fold) relative to ACE\u2010I inhibitory concentrations. Amino acid analysis revealed high proportions of charged residues (41.6\u201347.9%), moderate aromatic content, strategic proline levels, high branched\u2010chain amino acids, and absence of cysteine.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The &lt;1\u2009kDa\u2010PP\n                      <jats:italic>V. unguiculata<\/jats:italic>\n                      peptide fractions combine non\u2010competitive ACE\u2010I inhibition, high digestive stability, and low cytotoxicity, presenting potential as antihypertensive ingredients in functional foods and nutraceuticals. These findings warrant further investigation, including the identification of sequences within the active fractions and\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      validation of antihypertensive efficacy. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.70594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T09:38:23Z","timestamp":1773913103000},"page":"5085-5095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bioactive peptide fractions from\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Vigna unguiculata<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    : Inhibition kinetics, gastrointestinal stability, cytotoxicity assessment, and amino acid profile as compositional features associated with antihypertensive activity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3279-6969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trinidad","family":"C\u00fa\u2010Ca\u00f1etas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Campus de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n  M\u00e9rida Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9103-5991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvina R.","family":"Drago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnolog\u00eda de Alimentos, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica Universidad Nacional del Litoral  Santa Fe Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilbert","family":"Rodr\u00edguez\u2010Canto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Campus de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n  M\u00e9rida Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Chel\u2010Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Campus de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n  M\u00e9rida Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9206-3222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Betancur\u2010Ancona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Campus de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n  M\u00e9rida Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010123"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"WHO Hypertension World Health Organization(2025).https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hypertension."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.118.313220"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-024-02908-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148373"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e40563"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12711"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0976500x231175217"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.149305"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life15081219"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0307.12659"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2025.108029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafr.2022.100383"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020316"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13738-019-01651-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.70218"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.13819"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/fns.2016.72013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","unstructured":"AOAC International. 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