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This research sought to disclose how TH controls citrus green mold and induces fruit resistance through RNA\u2010Seq, physiochemical and natural decay.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      TH effectively delayed green mold incidence in citrus fruits. RNA\u2010Seq showed that multiple genes involved in the redox balance, ascorbic acid and aldehyde acid, and phenylpropanoid pathways were greatly influenced. In particular, the expression levels of genes involved in lignin and flavonoid biosynthesis \u2013 namely\n                      <jats:italic>phenylalanine ammonia\u2010lyase<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>cinnamate\u20104\u2010hydroxylase<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>4\u2010coumarate\u2010CoA ligase<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>peroxidase 31<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>cinnamoyl\u2010CoA reductase 1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>cinnamyl\u2010alcohol dehydrogenase1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>chalcone synthase2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>flavanone 3\u2010 hydroxylase<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>flavonol synthase<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2013 were increased by TH treatment, which thereby promoted flavonoids and lignin accumulation. Meanwhile, the antioxidant capacity of TH\u2010treated citrus fruit was improved, as demonstrated by elevated levels of ascorbic acid and glutathione, and increased activities of enzymes and gene expression pertaining to the AsA\u2010GSH cycle, including\n                      <jats:italic>ascorbate peroxidase 2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>glutathione reductases<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>monodehydroascorbate reductase 4<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>dehydroascorbate reductase 2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>glutathione s\u2010transferase<\/jats:italic>\n                      , resulting in reduction of H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Correspondingly, the protective effects of TH on citrus fruits decreased its susceptibility to\n                      <jats:italic>Penicillium digitatum<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      TH exposure at 5\u2009\u03bcL\u2009L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      induces disease resistance against\n                      <jats:italic>P. digitatum<\/jats:italic>\n                      by stimulating the biosynthesis of lignin and flavonoid, along with the AsA\u2010GSH cycle in the peel of citrus fruit, thus improving antioxidant capacity and maintaining redox balance in the citrus fruit. These findings suggest that TH has potential for use as a protective measure against\n                      <jats:italic>P. digitatum<\/jats:italic>\n                      in citrus fruit. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.70694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:21:47Z","timestamp":1777656107000},"page":"6617-6629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["<i>trans\u2010<\/i>\n                    2\u2010Hexenal exposure enhances disease resistance against\n                    <i>Penicillium digitatum<\/i>\n                    by stimulating phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and antioxidant capacity in postharvest citrus 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