{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:11:26Z","timestamp":1786115486029,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Maize (\n                      <jats:italic>Zea mays<\/jats:italic>\n                      L.), as the most widely cultivated cereal and a dietary cornerstone, provides not only carbohydrates but also essential micronutrients critical for human health, including vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoids. However, conventional maize varieties typically exhibit suboptimal levels of these compounds. This study investigated the dynamic accumulation of vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoids, along with their transcriptional regulation, during early kernel development (9\u201315\u2009days after pollination (DAP)) in maize.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Combined metabolite and transcriptome analyses showed a 23\u2010fold increase in vitamin C content, associated with enhanced expression of the gene\n                      <jats:italic>VTC2<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Id1 and AGAMOUS\u2010like MADS\u2010box transcription factors (TFs) are putative regulators, targeting the promoters of\n                      <jats:italic>GalDH<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>VTC2<\/jats:italic>\n                      to regulate vitamin C biosynthesis. Vitamin E showed isomer\u2010specific fluctuations during early kernel development, mainly associated with the expression of\n                      <jats:italic>VTE1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>VTE2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>VTE4<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and potentially regulated by knotted 1 and the AGAMOUS\u2010like MADS\u2010box TFs via\n                      <jats:italic>VTE2<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>VTE3<\/jats:italic>\n                      , respectively. Total carotenoid content tripled, with zeaxanthin becoming dominant by 15 DAP, driven by upregulated\n                      <jats:italic>PSY1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>CHYB\u20101<\/jats:italic>\n                      . ERF003 was identified as a candidate regulator of\n                      <jats:italic>PSY3<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increases in vitamin C and carotenoid content, and the fluctuation of vitamin E isomers during early maize kernel development, were associated with the modulation of key genes and putative TFs. These findings reveal theoretical insights and provide candidate genetic targets for future breeding efforts aimed at enhancing micronutrient levels in maize. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.70728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T02:24:52Z","timestamp":1778898292000},"page":"6990-7001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changes in vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoid metabolism during early kernel development in maize"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Xiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biology and Food Engineering Guangdong University of Education  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology  Guangzhou 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