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This study evaluated the effects of four probiotic strains on bone growth and regulation of immune function and cognitive function using a growing mouse model, thereby providing preclinical evidence for potential applications in supporting infant and child health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Female BALB\/c mouse pups received a daily oral gavage of 1\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      colony\u2010forming units of four probiotic strains or saline from postnatal week 1 to week 5. At the experimental endpoint, bone microarchitecture was evaluated using micro\u2010computed tomography and histomorphometric analysis.\n                      <jats:italic>Lacticaseibacillus paracasei<\/jats:italic>\n                      L578 increased femoral length and bone volume fraction, while\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium bifidum<\/jats:italic>\n                      B11 supplementation specifically improved cortical bone parameters. Mechanistic insights revealed that\n                      <jats:italic>L. paracasei<\/jats:italic>\n                      L578 upregulated serum concentrations of bone formation markers, namely osteocalcin, bone\u2010specific alkaline phosphatase, and procollagen type I N\u2010terminal propeptide, along with the transcription levels of key osteogenic transcription factors\n                      <jats:italic>Bmp2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Runx2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Osterix<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which constitute a hierarchical cascade governing osteoblast lineage commitment and differentiation. Immunological assessments indicated that both\n                      <jats:italic>L. paracasei<\/jats:italic>\n                      L578 and\n                      <jats:italic>B. animalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      subsp.\n                      <jats:italic>lactis<\/jats:italic>\n                      BAL531 significantly increased colonic concentrations of immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, and interferon\u2010\u03b3, suggesting their role in regulating the Th1\/Th2 immune balance and promoting mucosal humoral immunity. In behavioral tests,\n                      <jats:italic>L. paracasei<\/jats:italic>\n                      L578 administration resulted in significantly longer time spent in the central area of the open field and a higher spontaneous alternation rate in the Y maze, indicating enhanced cognitive function.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Collectively, these findings suggest that\n                      <jats:italic>L. paracasei<\/jats:italic>\n                      L578 enhances bone formation metabolism, stimulates longitudinal bone growth, increases bone mass, regulates mucosal humoral immunity, and improves cognitive function, positioning it as a promising probiotic for supporting development. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.70748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T07:08:12Z","timestamp":1780643292000},"page":"7139-7150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Probiotic supplementation promotes bone development, immune maturation, and cognitive function in growing mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Mingjie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources Jiangnan University  Wuxi China"},{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University  Wuxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2359-2622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiqin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources Jiangnan University  Wuxi China"},{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University  Wuxi China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Laboratory for Maternal\u2013Infant Microbiota and Health Jiangnan University  Wuxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources Jiangnan University  Wuxi China"},{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University  Wuxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Inatural Bio\u2010Tech Co. 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