{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:56:41Z","timestamp":1791561401643,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32371777"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32371777"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Environmental stresses such as extreme temperatures, salinity, drought, metal toxicity and freeze\u2013thaw (FT) cycles severely limit crop productivity. The increasing frequency of FT events combined with aluminum (Al) toxicity, exacerbated by global warming, poses a serious threat to seedling survival, especially in early spring. Brassinolide (BL), a phytohormone, enhances plant resilience under abiotic stress, yet its role under combined FT and Al stress in rye (\n                      <jats:italic>Secale cereale<\/jats:italic>\n                      L.) remains unexplored.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Al stress increased malondialdehyde content, indicating membrane lipid peroxidation, at the same time as reducing chlorophyll content, photosynthesis and transpiration. Combined Al\u2009+\u2009FT stress elevated intercellular CO\u2082 concentration and soluble sugars but lowered stomatal conductance and water\u2010use efficiency, revealing biochemical limitations to photosynthesis. BL alone restored stomatal conductance, lowered intercellular CO\u2082 and enhanced water\u2010use efficiency, improving CO\u2082 fixation. Al stress produced the highest H\u2082O\u2082 accumulation under both non\u2010FT and FT conditions alongside compensatory increases in ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, reflecting an overwhelmed antioxidant response; co\u2010application of BL with Al reduced H\u2082O\u2082 and moderated this APX elevation relative to Al alone. BL alone increased glutathione content above all treatments, although this benefit was partly constrained when combined with Al under FT. BL also improved shoot relative water content, photosynthetic efficiency and soluble sugar regulation, promoting osmotic adjustment and cold tolerance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BL enhances rye tolerance to combined FT and Al stress by restoring photosynthetic function and modulating antioxidant responses, offering a promising approach to safeguard crop productivity in regions prone to such abiotic challenges. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.70882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T04:37:14Z","timestamp":1783658234000},"page":"8742-8757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Brassinolide\u2010mediated physiological and biochemical adaptation in rye (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Secale cereale<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    L.) under aluminum and freeze\u2013thaw stress"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Khalid","family":"Bashir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education (Jilin University); Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment; College of New Energy and Environment Jilin University  Changchun China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0329-8001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guozhang","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education (Jilin University); Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment; College of New Energy and Environment Jilin University  Changchun 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