{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:49:08Z","timestamp":1786121348257,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n \n Sonchus oleraceus<\/jats:italic>\n L. (common sowthistle) is a wild leafy vegetable with recognized culinary and pharmacological potential. In hydroponics, controlled nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) imbalances act as an agronomic eustress (positive stress) that stimulates the defensive accumulation of secondary metabolites, thereby enhancing the leaves' biological value. Aiming to exploit this modulation, we evaluated the impact of varying concentrations of N (100\u2013200\u2009mg\u2009L\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ), P (47\u2013105\u2009mg\u2009L\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ), and K (250\u2013525\u2009mg\u2009L\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ) on hydroponic cultivation of\n Sonchus oleraceus<\/jats:italic>\n leaves, based on previous optimized research on agronomic performance. The leaves in this study were analysed for proximate composition, free sugars, organic acids, fatty acids, tocopherols, and phenolic compounds, as well as their antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n \n Results indicated that the proximate composition was not substantially affected by nutrient modulation; however, significant differences were observed in individual phytochemical constituents, particularly in tocopherol and phenolic compound levels. Antioxidant assays (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and oxidative haemolysis inhibition assay (OxHLIA)) showed that nutrient supply influenced lipid peroxidation inhibition, demonstrating greater potential when compared to the Trolox standard, while in oxidative haemolysis, the half\u2010maximal inhibitory concentration (IC\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n ) values of\n Sonchus oleraceus<\/jats:italic>\n leaves were comparable to those of the same control. Antimicrobial tests demonstrated moderate inhibitory activity against foodborne pathogens.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n \n Nutrient solutions enriched with different proportions of NPK produced\n Sonchus oleraceus<\/jats:italic>\n leaves with antioxidant potential in the lipid peroxidation pathway. Overall, these findings highlight that NPK management in hydroponic cultivation can modulate the phytochemical profile and biological potential of\n Sonchus oleraceus<\/jats:italic>\n leaves, reinforcing their nutritional and functional value. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.70957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T04:29:07Z","timestamp":1786076947000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hydroponic modulation of\n Sonchus oleraceus<\/i>\n L<\/scp>\n . leaf composition: impact of\n NPK<\/scp>\n balance on nutritious attributes and biological effects"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Beatriz H","family":"Paschoalinotto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMO, LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a Bragan\u00e7a Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonios","family":"Chrysargyris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science Cyprus University of Technology Limassol Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikel","family":"A\u00f1ibarro\u2010Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMO, LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a Bragan\u00e7a Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T\u00e2nia CSP.","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMO, LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a Bragan\u00e7a Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filipa","family":"Mandim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMO, LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a Bragan\u00e7a Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8744-7814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria In\u00eas","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMO, LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a Bragan\u00e7a Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2719-6627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Tzortzakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science Cyprus University of Technology Limassol Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9050-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lillian","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMO, LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a Bragan\u00e7a 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