{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T03:26:54Z","timestamp":1786764414895,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32272212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32272212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFD2301303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD2301303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n \n Early\n indica<\/jats:italic>\n rice frequently encounters high temperature damage during grain\u2010filling period in the Yangtze River basin, China induced by later sowing date, decreasing grain yield and qualities. Nitrogen panicle fertilizer application (NPF) positively mitigates the adverse effects; however, the specific details remain unclear. A field experiment using poor or high\u2010quality early\n indica<\/jats:italic>\n rice cultivars was conducted over 2\u2009years to investigate rice yield, grain qualities and starch related traits subjected to slightly natural warming (W) under different NPF levels (Low NPF, LN; Middle NPF, MN; High NPF, HN) through delaying sowing date, with normal sowing date as the control.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n The result showed that under W, compared to LN, elevated NPF (HN and MN) significantly increased the grain yield of the rice cultivars by 11.7\u201321.0%, which was mainly attributed to the high effective panicle and spikelets. Elevated NPF increased the protein and amino acid contents, especially for the HN treatment, resulting in the high nutritional qualities of rice grain, at the same time as demonstrating increased hardness and stickiness, as well as decreased breakdown and amylose content, negatively affecting the eating and textural qualituies of cooking rice. Notably, compared with HN and LN, MN treatment totally enhanced the processing qualities under W in 2\u2009years. However, HN significantly deteriorated the rice appearance qualities in the temperature treatments. These results might be a result of the unordered arrangement and irregular surface of starch granules, particular high\u2010quality rice cultivar.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n \n The results suggest that optimizing NPF under slightly warming at grain\u2010filling stage synergistically improve grain yield and processing qualities of early\n indica<\/jats:italic>\n rice. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.70987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T02:49:49Z","timestamp":1786762189000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimized nitrogen panicle fertilizer application improves grain yield, qualities and starch traits of double\u2010cropping early\n \n indica<\/i>\n <\/scp>\n rice under slightly natural warming"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Yanghaojun","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7091-0363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruoyu","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Germplasm innovation and genetic improvement of grain and oil crops, Co\u2010construction by Ministry and Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingjie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueming","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0154-2341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongjun","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Germplasm innovation and genetic improvement of grain and oil crops, Co\u2010construction by Ministry and Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1330-456X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanhua","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2020.100359","article-title":"Global warming and shifts in cropping systems together reduce China's rice production","volume":"24","author":"Chen C","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob Food Secur\u2010Arg"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"1535","volume-title":"Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"IPCC","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9312","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.13754","article-title":"Response of rice yield, grain quality to chilling at grain filling stages","volume":"104","author":"Guo E","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agr"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1133592","article-title":"Physiological analysis reveals the mechanism of accelerated growth recovery for rice seedlings by nitrogen application after low temperature stress","volume":"14","author":"Wang H","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3686","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12684","article-title":"Maize growing duration was prolonged across China in the past three decades under the combined effects of temperature, agronomic management, and cultivar shift","volume":"20","author":"Tao F","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7079","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34411-5","article-title":"Global crop yields can be lifted by timely adaptation of growing periods to climate change","volume":"13","author":"Minoli S","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2023.117167","article-title":"Adaptation of cotton production to climate change by sowing date optimization and precision resource management","volume":"203","author":"Wu F","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ind Crop Prod"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-019-01723-z","article-title":"Impact of warming climate, sowing date, and cultivar shift on rice phenology across China during 1981\u20102010","volume":"63","author":"Bai H","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2017.08.013","article-title":"Delayed or early sowing: timing as parasitic weed control strategy in rice is species and ecosystem dependent","volume":"214","author":"Tippe DE","year":"2017","journal-title":"Field Crop Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2019.105890","article-title":"Adaptation of paddy rice in China to climate change: the effects of shifting sowing date on yield and irrigation water requirement","volume":"228","author":"Ding Y","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric Water Manage"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2022.108493","article-title":"Delayed sowing date improves the quality of mechanically transplanted rice by optimizing temperature conditions during growth season","volume":"281","author":"Deng F","year":"2022","journal-title":"Field Crop Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.05.070","article-title":"Influence of amylose on the pasting and gel texture properties of chestnut starch during thermal processing","volume":"294","author":"Zhang Y","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.119882","article-title":"Relation of cooked rice texture to starch structure and physicochemical properties under different nitrogen managements","volume":"295","author":"Xiong RY","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2022.126645","article-title":"Legume winter cover crop (Persian clover) reduces nitrogen requirement and increases grain yield in specialized irrigated hybrid rice system","volume":"142","author":"Weinert C","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Agron"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-020-02772-y","article-title":"Combined proteomics, metabolomics and physiological analyses of rice growth and grain yield with heavy nitrogen application before and after drought","volume":"20","author":"Du J","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2024.127091","article-title":"Optimized nitrogen fertilizer application strategy improves grain yield and quality of high\u2010quality late indica rice under field ambient warming","volume":"154","author":"Xiong RY","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Agron"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126455","article-title":"Starch multiscale structure and physicochemical property alterations in high\u2010quality indica rice quality and cooked rice texture under different nitrogen panicle fertilizer applications","volume":"252","author":"Xiong RY","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(20)63348-2","article-title":"Comparison of grain yield and quality of different types of japonica rice cultivars in the northern Jiangsu plain, China","volume":"20","author":"Bian J","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Integr Agric"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"2083","article-title":"Application of nitrogen fertilizer at heading stage improves rice quality under elevated temperature during grain\u2010filling stage","volume":"54","author":"Dou Z","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crop Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2022.126551","article-title":"The impacts of post\u2010anthesis warming on grain yield and quality of double\u2010cropping high\u2010quality indica rice in Jiangxi Province, China","volume":"139","author":"Yang TT","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Agron"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","article-title":"Long\u2010term straw return improves cooked indica rice texture by altering starch structural, physicochemical properties in South China","volume":"20","author":"Yang SQ","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem: X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131472","article-title":"Grain starch, fatty acids, and amino acids determine the pasting properties in dry cultivation plus rice cultivars","volume":"373","author":"Chen Z","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2023.108972","article-title":"Nitrogen fertilizer alleviates rice yield loss without increasing global warming potential under elevated temperatures","volume":"298","author":"Shen Y","year":"2023","journal-title":"Field Crop Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2024.108973","article-title":"Straw return and nitrogen fertilizer application regulate the efficient use of radiation, water, nitrogen and maize productivity in Northeast China","volume":"301","author":"Li X","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agric Water Manag"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jia.2024.01.032","article-title":"Optimizing planting density and nitrogen application to mitigate yield loss and improve grain quality of late\u2010sown wheat under rice\u2013wheat rotation","volume":"24","author":"Tian Z","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Integr Agric"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.10.137","article-title":"Nitrogen fertilizer at heading stage effectively compensates for the deterioration of rice quality by affecting the starch\u2010related properties under elevated temperatures","volume":"277","author":"Tang S","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-024-05729-7","article-title":"Optimization of sowing dates for enhanced rice yield: insights from field experiments in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China","volume":"24","author":"Ji Y","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(20)63561-4","article-title":"Effects of temperature and solar radiation on yield of good eating\u2010quality rice in the lower reaches of the Huai River basin, China","volume":"20","author":"Zhou N","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Integr Agric"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1059749","article-title":"High temperature boosts resistant starch content by altering starch structure and lipid content in rice ssIIIa mutants","volume":"13","author":"Zhou Y","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2011.03.014","article-title":"Relationship between grain filling duration and leaf senescence of temperate rice under high temperature","volume":"122","author":"Kim J","year":"2011","journal-title":"Field Crop Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116237","article-title":"Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on structure and physicochemical properties of \u201csuper\u201d rice starch","volume":"239","author":"Zhou T","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2019.07.027","article-title":"Starch accumulation in rice grains subjected to drought during grain filling stage","volume":"142","author":"Prathap V","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-022-00153-3","article-title":"Mechanism of peptides from rice hydrolyzed proteins hindering starch digestion subjected to hydrothermal treatment","volume":"6","author":"Lu X","year":"2022","journal-title":"npj Sci Food"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.04.065","article-title":"Starch molecular structure: the basis for an improved understanding of cooked rice texture","volume":"195","author":"Hongyan L","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12389","article-title":"Temperatures and the growth and development of maize and rice: a review","volume":"20","author":"Sanchez B","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.56093\/ijas.v91i11.118544","article-title":"Effect of irrigation and nitrogen management on yield and economics of SRI\u2010grown hybrid rice (Oryza sativa)","volume":"91","author":"Jagannath MA","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Agric Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2016.11.005","article-title":"Effects of high temperature on starch morphology and the expression of genes related to starch biosynthesis and degradation","volume":"73","author":"Li C","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cereal Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2013.05.028","article-title":"The effect of planting date on maize grain yields and yield components","volume":"150","author":"Tsimba R","year":"2013","journal-title":"Field Crop Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2019.01.007","article-title":"Potential yields, yield gaps, and optimal agronomic management practices for rice production systems in different regions of China","volume":"171","author":"Zhang H","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric Syst"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8019","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b03173","article-title":"Effect of nitrogen management on the structure and physicochemical properties of rice starch","volume":"64","author":"Zhu D","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70552","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-20800-2","article-title":"Physiological response of barley seedlings to salinity and artemisinin combined stresses under freeze\u2010thaw environment","volume":"29","author":"Zhang W","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut R"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.114","article-title":"An insight into the multi\u2010scale structures and pasting behaviors of starch following citric acid treatment","volume":"116","author":"Huo Y","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jsfa.70987","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jsfa.70987","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jsfa.70987","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T02:49:55Z","timestamp":1786762195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jsfa.70987"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jsfa.70987"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsfa.70987","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-5142","1097-0010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-5142","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0010","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jsfa.70987"}}