{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:20:18Z","timestamp":1787988018223,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The re\u2010evaluation of feed additives in the European Union was outlined in the Regulation (EC) No 1831\/2003. The primary objectives were to ensure safety and verify efficacy, as well as to update authorizations and phase out unsafe additives or those in which the industry expressed no interest. The scientific component of the re\u2010evaluation was assigned to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). A total of 35 compounds of eight trace elements (iron, zinc, manganese, copper, iodine, selenium, cobalt, and molybdenum) were re\u2010evaluated. Between 2012 and 2019, the EFSA released 33 scientific opinions concerning generic aspects of trace elements or specific compounds. Characterization, safety, and efficacy were assessed. These opinions and the nine authorizing regulations form the basis of the present overview. This article summarizes the procedures and key outcomes of the re\u2010evaluation of trace elements as feed additives in the EU, and highlights the policy decisions adopted by risk managers. \u00a9 2026 The Author(s).\n                    <jats:italic>Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture<\/jats:italic>\n                    published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.71021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:09:40Z","timestamp":1787987380000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Overview of the re\u2010evaluation of trace elements as nutritional feed additives in the\n                    <scp>European Union<\/scp>\n                    : characterization, safety, and efficacy"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5658-4194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria","family":"L\u00f3pez\u2010G\u00e1lvez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)  Parma Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria de Lourdes","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy \u2013 University of Porto., UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE Unit \u2013 Laboratory of Toxicology  Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Cubadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 \u2010 National Institute of Health  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikolaj A","family":"Gralak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiological Sciences Warsaw University of Life Sciences WULS\u2010SGGW  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christer","family":"Hogstrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King's College London Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo L","family":"Innocenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)  Parma Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joop","family":"de Knecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Safety of Substances and Products (VSP), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)  Bilthoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"L\u00f3pez\u2010Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty University of Santiago de Compostela  Lugo Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Mantovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Committee for Risk Assessment \u2013 European Chemicals Agency  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alena","family":"Pechov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno  Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, REQUIMTE\/LAQV, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade \u2010 Azinhaga de Santa Comba  Coimbra Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Gropp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle","author":"National Research Council","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Nutrient Requirements of Horses","author":"National Research Council","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"Mineral Tolerance of Animals","author":"National Research Council","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1506S","article-title":"Trace mineral bioavailability in ruminants","volume":"133","author":"Spears JW","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Regulation (EC) No 1831\/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition (Text with EEA relevance)","author":"European Commission","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"No Longer in Force, Date of End of Validity: 31\/08\/2010","author":"Council of the European Communities","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Commission Regulation (EC) No 429\/2008 of 25 April 2008 on detailed rules for the implementation of Regulation (EC) No 1831\/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the preparation and the presentation of applications and the assessment and the authorisation of feed additives","author":"European 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