{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:02:21Z","timestamp":1790226141742,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Drought severely limits mungbean (\n                      <jats:italic>Vigna radiata<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) growth by disrupting physiological and metabolic processes. Although\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhances abiotic stress tolerance, its dose\u2010dependent effects across different drought intensities in mungbean remain unclear.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study evaluated the effects of exogenous GABA (0, 0.5, 1, and 2\u2009mmol\u2009L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) on growth, osmolyte accumulation, nitrogen assimilation, and antioxidant defense in mungbean under well\u2010watered (WW), moderate drought (MD), and severe drought (SD). Both drought stress levels significantly reduced shoot\u2013root growth and biomass, leaf relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, and NO\u2083\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      , NH\u2084\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      , and the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutamate synthase (GOGAT). Oxidative stress increased, as evidenced by higher levels of H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , malondialdehyde (MDA), dehydroascorbate, and oxidized glutathione. Drought also increased proline, glycine betaine, total phenols, and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX), but reduced ascorbate (AsA), glutathione (GSH), and the activities of MDHAR and DHAR, indicating disruption of the AsA\u2013GSH cycle. Exogenous GABA, particularly at 2\u2009mmol\u2009L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      , markedly alleviated these adverse effects by improving osmotic adjustment, enhancing antioxidant defense, and restoring nitrogen assimilation. GABA treatment increased proline, glycine betaine, NR, GS, GOGAT, and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, APX, GR), while improving AsA\u2013GSH recycling and reducing H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and MDA accumulation. The protective effects of GABA were more pronounced under MD than SD conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GABA enhances drought tolerance in mungbean through coordinated regulation of osmotic adjustment, antioxidant defense, and nitrogen metabolism, highlighting its potential as a priming agent for sustaining productivity under water\u2010limited conditions. Future molecular studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms through which GABA regulates drought tolerance in mungbean. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.71042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:36:41Z","timestamp":1790224601000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>\u03b3<\/i>\n                    \u2010Aminobutyric acid\u2010mediated regulation of osmolytes, nitrogen metabolism, and antioxidant defense confers dose\u2010dependent drought tolerance in mungbean"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Rohul","family":"Amin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design Beijing Forestry University  Beijing China"},{"name":"College of Forestry Beijing Forestry University  Beijing 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Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Qasim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Western Caspian University  Baku Azerbaijan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3820-1476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usman","family":"Zulfiqar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment The Islamia University of Bahawalpur  Bahawalpur Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Biology Nakhchivan State University  Nakhchivan Azerbaijan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science King Faisal University  Al\u2010Ahsa Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mashael 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