{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:07:50Z","timestamp":1788930470194,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n \n Liver injury represents a major global health burden, often initiated by oxidative stress, which subsequently triggers inflammatory cascades and apoptotic cell death. Polysaccharides from American ginseng (\n Panax quinquefolius<\/jats:italic>\n L.) (AGPs) have demonstrated immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties. However, the hepatoprotective mechanisms of purified AGP fractions remain inadequately understood.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n \n Two polysaccharide fractions, AGP\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n (>100\u2009kDa) and AGP\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (<10\u2009kDa), were extracted, purified, and characterized. Neither fraction induced histopathological abnormalities in the major organs of healthy mice after daily intragastric administration at 200\u2009mg\u2009kg\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n for 14 consecutive days. Their hepatoprotective efficacy was compared in a CCl\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n \u2010induced acute liver injury mouse model. Both fractions dose\u2010dependently reversed these alterations, with AGP\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n consistently outperforming AGP\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n at equivalent doses. Compared with the model group, high\u2010dose AGP\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (200\u2009mg\u2009kg\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ) reduced serum aspartate aminotransferase and malondialdehyde by 36% and 45%, respectively, increased hepatic superoxide dismutase activity 1.3\u2010fold (to 585.4\u2009\u00b1\u200945.2\u2009U\u2009mg\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n protein), and lowered serum TNF\u2010\n \u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n and IL\u20106 by 39% and 38%, respectively (to 578.6\u2009\u00b1\u200922.8 and 112.5\u2009\u00b1\u20097.2\u2009pg\u2009mL\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ). These effects not only surpassed those of both low\u2010 and high\u2010dose AGP\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n but also approached the efficacy of silymarin. Mechanistically, AGP\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n produced 2.3\u2010 and 1.7\u2010fold increases in nuclear Nrf2 and HO\u20101, respectively, and 67% and 55% reductions in p38 MAPK phosphorylation and Bax expression compared to the model group, surpassing the effects of both low\u2010 and high\u2010dose AGP\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n \n These findings identify AGP\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n as a promising low\u2010molecular\u2010weight polysaccharide candidate for liver protection and underscore the critical role of molecular weight in determining polysaccharide bioactivity. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.71073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T04:26:02Z","timestamp":1788927962000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular weight\u2010dependent hepatoprotection of American ginseng polysaccharides"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Zhejiang Province for the Development and Clinical Transformation of Immunomodulatory Drugs Huzhou Central Hospital, Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Huzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory of Agricultural Bio\u2010Pharmaceutical Laboratory Qingdao Agricultural University Qingdao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyuan","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Zhejiang Province for the Development and Clinical Transformation of Immunomodulatory Drugs Huzhou Central Hospital, Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Huzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huankun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory of Agricultural Bio\u2010Pharmaceutical Laboratory Qingdao Agricultural University Qingdao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Joint Local Engineering Laboratory of Agricultural Bio\u2010Pharmaceutical Laboratory Qingdao Agricultural University Qingdao 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