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This study evaluated whether raffinose (Raf), a food\u2010derived prebiotic trisaccharide, is associated with improved immune and intestinal outcomes during CTX challenge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty male ICR mice were assigned to control, CTX, and low\u2010, medium\u2010 or high\u2010dose Raf pretreatment groups. Raf was administered orally at 100, 200 or 400\u2009mg\u2009kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      body weight for 21\u2009days, followed by oral CTX at 80\u2009mg\u2009kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      body weight for 3\u2009days. Compared with CTX alone, Raf pretreatment was associated with reduced body\u2010weight loss, less spleen and thymus atrophy, improved peripheral blood parameters, higher serum IgG and IgM concentrations and improved spleen enzyme activities. Raf was also associated with reduced hepatic oxidative injury, increased abundance and mRNA expression of selected intestinal tight\u2010junction markers, increased colonic short\u2010chain fatty acids and changes in gut microbial composition, including\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Desulfobacterota<\/jats:italic>\n                      . However, the study did not assess epithelial permeability, short\u2010chain fatty acid receptors, upstream inflammatory signaling or causal microbiota\u2010transfer\/manipulation experiments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Raf pretreatment was associated with improved immune, hepatic, intestinal barrier\u2010related, metabolite and microbiota outcomes in CTX\u2010treated mice. These findings support a proposed working model rather than a confirmed causal gut microbiota\u2013short\u2010chain fatty acid\u2013barrier mechanism. The prophylactic design, absence of a positive control and small microbiota sample size limit translation and dose interpretation. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.71096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T04:02:25Z","timestamp":1790049745000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Food derived raffinose attenuates cyclophosphamide\u2010induced immunosuppression in mice with associated changes in gut microbiota, short\u2010chain fatty acids and intestinal barrier integrity"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Shihezi University  Shihezi China"},{"name":"Bingtuan Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Non\u2010Grain Feed Resources Shihezi University  Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Shihezi University  Shihezi China"},{"name":"Bingtuan Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Non\u2010Grain Feed Resources Shihezi University  Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qicheng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Shihezi University  Shihezi China"},{"name":"Bingtuan Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Non\u2010Grain Feed Resources Shihezi University  Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilyas","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Shihezi University  Shihezi China"},{"name":"Bingtuan Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Non\u2010Grain Feed Resources Shihezi University  Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuqiang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shawan Taikun Oil and Fat Co. 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