{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:02:42Z","timestamp":1790226162381,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Ficus carica<\/jats:italic>\n                      fruit extract (FCFE) was evaluated for its cytotoxic and apoptotic effects against C6 glial cells. FCFE has been traditionally used for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and the mitochondrial\u2010mediated apoptotic pathway were investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cell viability assay confirmed that FCFE treatment pointedly reduced the viability of C6 glial cells in a dose\u2010 and time\u2010dependent manner. Excitingly, FCFE exhibited very low toxicity in non\u2010cancerous MCF10A cells, signifying selective activity. Mechanistic studies showed that FCFE treatment in C6 glial cells markedly increased mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular ROS levels. It induced mitochondrial depolarization and the expression of apoptotic proteins, thereby activating the intrinsic apoptosis pathway and further promoting nuclear condensation. Western blot analysis revealed that FCFE treatment up\u2010regulated pro\u2010apoptotic markers such as Bax, caspase\u20103, caspase\u20109, and cytochrome c, and down\u2010regulated the anti\u2010apoptotic marker Bcl\u20102.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings conclusively demonstrate that FCFE selectively targets C6 glial cells by inducing mitochondrial\u2010mediated intrinsic apoptosis. Additional preclinical studies using\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      models are warranted to establish its potent pharmacological properties to make it a promising drug candidate for glioblastoma treatment. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.71099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:41:02Z","timestamp":1790224862000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<scp>\n                      <i>Ficus carica<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    fruit extract induces mitochondria\u2010mediated apoptosis in\n                    <scp>C6<\/scp>\n                    glial cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8052-2057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radhiga","family":"Thangaiyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Saveetha Dental College and Hospital Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS)  Chennai India"},{"name":"Department of Research and Development SRS\u2010Life Science Research Center  Chidambaram India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karthik","family":"Dhanabalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Cardiovascular Research Center Brown University  Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3549-5432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chinnadurai","family":"Veeramani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A","family":"Alsaif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid S","family":"Al\u2010Numair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.04.153","article-title":"Management of glioblastoma multiforme in elderly patients: a review of the literature","volume":"105","author":"Halani SH","year":"2017","journal-title":"World 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