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In this study, a solvent\u2010free hot\u2010melt\/quenching strategy was combined with wet milling and spray drying to fabricate amorphous\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2\u2010<\/jats:italic>\n                      carotene microcapsules using octenyl succinic anhydride\u2010modified starch (OSA\u2010starch) and trehalose as wall materials.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Hot\u2010melt\/quenching treatment effectively transformed crystalline\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010carotene into an amorphous state, and the optimal condition was determined as 220\u2009\u00b0C for 22\u2009s followed by liquid nitrogen quenching. Compared with crystalline\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010carotene microcapsules, amorphous\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010carotene microcapsules showed reduced crystallinity and improved encapsulation behavior. The incorporation of trehalose into the OSA\u2010starch wall matrix further decreased particle aggregation, improved redispersibility and enhanced storage stability. After 40\u2009days of storage, amorphous\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010carotene microcapsules prepared with the OSA\u2010starch\/trehalose composite wall materials (AB\u2010Tre) retained 82.2% and 58.9% of\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010carotene at 25\u2009\u00b0C and 55\u2009\u00b0C, respectively, which were higher than those of the other formulations. During\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      digestion, AB\u2010Tre showed better colloidal stability and higher\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010carotene bioaccessibility than crystalline\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010carotene microcapsules prepared with the OSA\u2010starch\/trehalose composite wall materials (CB\u2010Tre). Furthermore, AB\u2010Tre\u2010loaded high internal phase emulsions showed good printability and could be used to fabricate customized 3D structures.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The combination of hot\u2010melt\u2010induced amorphization and OSA\u2010starch\/trehalose microencapsulation provides an effective strategy to improve the stability, bioaccessibility and 3D printing applicability of\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010carotene. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.71114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:21:55Z","timestamp":1790227315000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Amorphization and microencapsulation of\n                    <i>\u03b2<\/i>\n                    \u2010carotene with improved physical stability and bioaccessibility for emulsion\u2010based\n                    <scp>3D<\/scp>\n                    printing"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Future Food Lab, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Zhejiang University  Jiashan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biosystems 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