{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T03:57:38Z","timestamp":1790567858459,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018994","name":"Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018994","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The exploration of sustainable and functional plant\u2010based protein sources has gained momentum amid rising global demands for health\u2010oriented food innovations. This study investigates the nutritional and biofunctional properties of a powdered protein sauce derived from\n                      <jats:italic>Chara corallina<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a freshwater macroalga recognized for its high protein potential.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dried\n                      <jats:italic>C. corallina<\/jats:italic>\n                      fronds (17.3% protein) were fermented with\n                      <jats:italic>Aspergillus sojae<\/jats:italic>\n                      using koji and moromi processes under open\u2010air conditions. The resulting sauce was freeze\u2010dried into algal protein powder (APP\u2010C). Amino acid analysis revealed significant increases (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.05), especially in tryptophan (16.09%), nearly absent in unfermented\n                      <jats:italic>C. corallina<\/jats:italic>\n                      . This highlights APP\u2010C as a rich dietary source of tryptophan, a serotonin precursor linked to mood and immune health. Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and cysteine were also elevated, while methionine was absent. These changes enhanced umami flavor and reduced sweetness. APP\u2010C exhibited no cytotoxicity at concentrations of 3.90\u2013500\u2009\u03bcg\u2009mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      across RAW264.7 macrophages, human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells, and rat skeletal muscle (L6) cells, with &gt;\u200990% cell viability confirmed by the thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Antioxidant potential was evidenced by significant up\u2010regulation (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in HDF cells under oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). Moreover, immunomodulatory assessments of APP\u2010C revealed dose\u2010dependent stimulation of nitrite production, phagocytic activity, and gene expression (lysozyme M, tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1, and interleukin\u20108) in RAW264.7 cells (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). These findings exhibited strong antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>APP\u2010C represents a promising fermented functional food from sustainable, health\u2010promoting freshwater algae. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.71118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T03:53:25Z","timestamp":1790567605000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nutrient\u2010rich algal innovation: exploring the amino acid profile, flavor, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and cytotoxic properties of\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Chara corallina<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    protein sauce powder"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9103-9071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kangsadan","family":"Boonprab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fishery Products, Faculty of Fisheries Kasetsart University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunisa","family":"Kongthong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya  Songkhla Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanninee","family":"Chankaew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya  Songkhla Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2020.100488"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2085657"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5703","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2022.2094403","article-title":"Potential alternatives of animal proteins for sustainability in the food sector","volume":"39","author":"Kumar P","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Rev Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2312.12049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123704"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md19090500"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2023.2212055","article-title":"A review on seaweeds and seaweed\u2010derived polysaccharides: nutrition, chemistry, bioactivities, and applications","volume":"40","author":"Xie C","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Rev Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.740054"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s44187-025-00383-w","article-title":"Seaweeds as emerging functional foods and therapeutics for colorectal cancer management","volume":"5","author":"Gengatharan A","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov Food"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00107","article-title":"The environmental risks associated with the development of seaweed farming in Europe: prioritizing key knowledge gaps","volume":"6","author":"Campbell I","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Mar Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","volume-title":"Algae Protein Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Type (spirulina, chlorella), Source (freshwater algae, marine algae), by Application, by Region, and Segment Forecasts, 2025\u20132030","author":"Grand View Research","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4490\/algae.2017.32.3.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","volume-title":"AlgaeBase","author":"Guiry MD","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","unstructured":"ChankaewW AmornlerdpisonD MahaeN Na NakornWandAmornwiriyachaiV Chara corallinaKlein ex Willdenow (Charales) a new report of edible freshwater alga in southern Thailand. 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