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Lentils (\n                      <jats:italic>Lens culinaris<\/jats:italic>\n                      Medik.) and hull\u2010less barley (\n                      <jats:italic>Hordeum vulgare<\/jats:italic>\n                      L. var.\n                      <jats:italic>nudum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) represent a promising mixture for temperate climates. Here, we provide the first multi\u2010year evaluation of protein content, protein yield stability, \u03b2\u2010glucan concentration, and grain separation, across 3\u2009years (2022\u20132024), two sites, and 22 treatments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mixed stands increased barley protein content by 18\u201326\u2009g\u2009kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      dry matter (DM) compared with pure unfertilized and fertilized systems, whereas lentil protein content was marginally higher in pure stands. Mixed systems buffered environmental variability (Finlay\u2013Wilkinson\n                      <jats:italic>b\u1d62<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2248\u20091.1), with variability substantially lower (CV\u2009=\u200938%) than in pure barley stands (63% CV), approaching that of pure lentil stability (29% CV). The lentil cultivar Beluga paired with the barley cultivar AF Cesar achieved the highest protein yield stability, recording a weighted absolute score of 94.5 via the AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) yield stability index. \u03b2\u2010glucan content (17\u201376\u2009g\u2009kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      DM) was highest in fertilized pure AF Cesar and was influenced by year and site. Grain separation showed partially high impurity levels (&gt;1%), due to similar seed sizes, but mixtures with contrasting seed sizes (e.g., Beluga\u2013AF Cesar) improved separation (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.38).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Intercropping of lentils with barley increases barley protein content and yield stability under Swiss conditions, providing the first evidence of effects on \u03b2\u2010glucan content and seed\u2010size\u2010driven impurity reduction. Selecting cultivar pairs with contrasting seed sizes and optimizing sowing time can improve both agronomic and post\u2010harvest performance in legume\u2010cereal systems. \u00a9 2026 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.71135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:27:36Z","timestamp":1791520056000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Agronomic and nutritional performance of lentil\u2013hull\u2010less barley mixtures under temperate Swiss conditions: protein content, protein yield stability, \u03b2\u2010glucan content and separation 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