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To overcome this, we fabricated ethanol\u2010tolerant Pickering emulsions stabilized via the interfacial assembly of propylene glycol alginate (PGA)\u2010modulated lactoferrin\/zein (LZ) composite nanoparticles. This study systematically elucidated the role of the oil\u2010phase volume fraction (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c6<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>oil<\/jats:sub>\n                      , 200\u2013700\u2009mL\u2009L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) in regulating the physicochemical properties, rheological behavior, and\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010carotene protection of these complex colloidal systems in an aqueous medium containing 150\u2009mL\u2009L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ethanol.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The LZ\u2013PGA particles formed particle\u2010rich interfacial layers, conferring solid\u2010like and thermally stable viscoelastic behavior. Increasing the oil fraction promoted droplet crowding and colloidal network formation, whereas excessive oil loading at 700\u2009mL\u2009L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      promoted droplet destabilization. The emulsion containing 600\u2009mL\u2009L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      oil showed the best physical stability and\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010carotene protection, with enhanced resistance to thermal, ionic, photolytic, and storage stresses. This formulation reduced the photodegradation rate constant to 0.155\u2009h\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      and extended the\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010carotene half\u2010life to 4.42\u2009h, compared with 1.42\u2009h for free\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010carotene. During simulated digestion,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010carotene showed a biphasic release profile, and the highest bioaccessibility of 16.11% was achieved at 500\u2009mL\u2009L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      oil.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Oil fraction regulation provides a practical strategy to balance emulsion stability and bioactive delivery. The emulsion containing 600\u2009mL\u2009L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      oil is preferred for shelf stability and\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010carotene protection, whereas that containing 500\u2009mL\u2009L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      oil is more suitable for digestive release and bioaccessibility. \u00a9 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.71183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:21:50Z","timestamp":1792430510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interfacial assembly of propylene glycol alginate\u2010modulated dual\u2010protein nanoparticles in alcohol\u2010containing Pickering emulsions: role of oil volume 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College of Food Science &amp; Nutritional Engineering China Agricultural University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinfang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Healthy Beverages, China National Light Industry Council, College of Food Science &amp; Nutritional Engineering China Agricultural University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2331-5956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanxiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Healthy Beverages, China National Light Industry Council, College of Food Science &amp; Nutritional Engineering China Agricultural University  Beijing 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