{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:39:10Z","timestamp":1791905950814,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]],"date-time":"2018-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>The high ureolytic activity of rumen microbiota is a concern when urea is used in ruminant feed, because it leads to fast urea conversion, resulting in possible intoxication and lower nitrogen utilization. This study intended to microencapsulate urea using carnauba wax to obtain slow\u2010release systems in the rumen. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, arranged in a 3 \u00d7 2 factorial, with the urea encapsulated with carnauba wax in ratios of 1 : 2; 1 : 3, and 1 : 4 (U<jats:sub>ME<\/jats:sub>2; U<jats:sub>ME<\/jats:sub>3, and U<jats:sub>ME<\/jats:sub>4) and two particles sizes (small, P<jats:sub>S<\/jats:sub>; and large, P<jats:sub>L<\/jats:sub>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>All formulations showed excellent properties, including inhibition of urea hygroscopicity. The formulation U<jats:sub>ME<\/jats:sub>2 exhibited the greatest yield (91.6%) and microencapsulation efficiency (99.6%) values, whereas the formulation U<jats:sub>ME<\/jats:sub>4 presented the greatest thermal stability (259.5 \u00b0C) and lowest moisture content (1.81%). The U<jats:sub>ME<\/jats:sub>2 formulation presented a slower release than the other U<jats:sub>ME<\/jats:sub> formulations studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>The production of urea microspheres using carnauba wax was successful for all microencapsulated systems developed, evidencing the promising potential for use in ruminant animal diets. The U<jats:sub>ME<\/jats:sub>2 formulation with large particles is the most recommended because it permitted greater resistance to microbial attack, allowing a slower release of urea into the rumen, reducing the risk of intoxication or ruminal alkalosis. \u00a9 2018 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.9275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]],"date-time":"2018-07-19T04:39:44Z","timestamp":1531975184000},"page":"1078-1087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Carnauba wax as a wall material for urea microencapsulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Tiago Tavares Brito","family":"de Medeiros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science Federal University of Campina Grande  Patos Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aderbal M","family":"de Azevedo Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science Federal University of Campina Grande  Patos Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1326-6732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Leandro","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science Federal University of Campina Grande  Patos Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leilson Rocha","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science Federal University of Campina Grande  Patos Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deuber L","family":"da Silva Agostini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology State University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Presidente Prudente Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego Lomonaco Vasconcelos","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Federal University of Cear\u00e1  Fortaleza Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selma E","family":"Mazzetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Federal University of Cear\u00e1  Fortaleza Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lloyd R Viana","family":"Kotzebue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Federal University of Cear\u00e1  Fortaleza Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9ssica Ribeiro","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Federal University of Cear\u00e1  Fortaleza Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella S Barbosa","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science Federal University of Campina Grande  Patos Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ari\u00e1dne","family":"de Barros Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science Federal University of Campina Grande  Patos Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio J","family":"Netto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science Federal University of Campina Grande  Patos Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5887-4753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronaldo Lopes","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science Federal University of Bahia  Salvador Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Slow release urea in beef cattle diets: digestibility microbial synthesis and rumen kinetic","volume":"47","author":"Casta\u00f1eda\u2010Serrano RD","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agrociencia"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-84782008000500029"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"Starea as a protein replacer for ruminants. 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