{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:21:06Z","timestamp":1769127666444,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEC\u20102013\/09\/N\/NZ9\/01630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEC\u20102013\/09\/N\/NZ9\/01630"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Sci Food Agric"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of the horizontal transfer of genes encoding resistance to aminoglycosides (<jats:italic>aac<\/jats:italic>(6\u2032)\u2010Ie\u2010<jats:italic>aph<\/jats:italic>(2\u2033)\u2010Ia, <jats:italic>aph<\/jats:italic>(2\u2033)\u2010Ib, <jats:italic>aph<\/jats:italic>(2\u2033)\u2010Ic, <jats:italic>aph<\/jats:italic>(2\u2033)\u2010Id, <jats:italic>ant<\/jats:italic>(4\u2032)\u2010Ia and <jats:italic>ant<\/jats:italic>(6\u2032)\u2010Ia), tetracyclines (<jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>M, <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>L, <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>K, <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>O and <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>W), and macrolides (<jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>A, <jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>B, <jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>C, <jats:italic>msr<\/jats:italic>C, <jats:italic>mef<\/jats:italic>AB) in <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> strains isolated from ready\u2010to\u2010eat dishes purchased in bars and restaurants in Olsztyn, Poland.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>It was found that 74% of tested strains were able to conjugal transfer at least one of the antibiotic resistance genes. Transfer of resistance to tetracyclines in strains was observed with a frequency ranging from 1.3 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup> to 8.7 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22127<\/jats:sup> transconjugants\/donor. The <jats:italic>int<\/jats:italic> gene and the <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>M gene were transferred simultaneously, which indicated that a transposon of the Tn<jats:italic>916<\/jats:italic>\/Tn<jats:italic>1545<\/jats:italic> also participated in the conjugation process. The frequency of transferring genes of resistance to macrolides ranged from 3.2 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup> to 2.4 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup> transconjugants\/donor. The <jats:italic>ermB<\/jats:italic> gene was transferred the most frequently. The frequency of acquisition of genes encoding aminoglycosides in strains isolated from food ranged from 1.7 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup> to 3,2 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup> transconjugants\/donor. Transfer of the <jats:italic>aac(6\u2032)\u2010Ie\u2010aph(2\u2033)<\/jats:italic> gene was the most frequent. In all reactions, the clonal character of transconjugants and recipients was confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction melting profile (PCR MP) method, which is an alternative to the pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings of this study indicate that <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> isolated from ready\u2010to\u2010eat food is able to horizontally transfer genes encoding various antibiotic resistance mechanisms. \u00a9 2018 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.9285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]],"date-time":"2018-07-26T02:09:09Z","timestamp":1532570949000},"page":"1172-1179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Enterococci from ready\u2010to\u2010eat food \u2013 horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance genes and genotypic 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