{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T23:37:30Z","timestamp":1789429050512,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,20]],"date-time":"2002-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1024531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Surgical Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fewer than 5% of all adults will have a palpable thyroid nodule, but this is still a large number of individuals who require evaluation. Although most thyroid nodules are a result of a benign disease process (more than 95%), the possibility of thyroid cancer is always a consideration. Important aspects of history taking with a patient in whom a thyroid nodule has been noted include age, gender, family history of thyroid or endocrine disease, prior low dosage head and neck radiation, recent hoarseness, dysphagia, and symptoms of hypermetabolism. Key features of evaluation by physical examination are the size and location of the thyroid abnormality, the degree of firmness of the nodule, the presence of other nodules in the thyroid, palpable cervical lymph nodes, vocal cord paresis or paralysis, and tachycardia and\/or tremor.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The major categories of thyroid abnormality in such patients include cysts, adenomas, thyroiditis, and cancer. Although radionuclide scans, ultrasound examination and computer tomography have all been employed in the assessment of thyroid nodules, and thyroid stimulating hormone assay is useful for confirming a euthyroid state, fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) has proved to be the most efficient diagnostic tool. The findings from FNAB allow avoidance of operative treatment for a large portion of these patients with palpable thyroid nodules, but a diagnosis of \u201cfollicular neoplasm\u201d on FNAB usually requires operation, despite the fact that many such patients do ultimately prove to have a benign lesion. The extent of operation in patients undergoing surgery will depend on the diagnostic findings before operation, but unilateral thyroid lobectomy is the minimum procedure when surgery is required. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;80:157\u2013170. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.10115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,6]],"date-time":"2002-10-06T11:32:01Z","timestamp":1033903921000},"page":"157-170","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Diagnosis and management of patients with thyroid nodules"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"80","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Walter","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian J.","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-15-10-1270"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","first-page":"863","article-title":"High resolution of ultrasonography and computed tomography of thyroid lesions in patients with hyperparathyroidism","volume":"94","author":"Stark DS","year":"1983","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(05)80728-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199302253280807"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-69-3-537"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90153-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.181.3.1947082"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"The prevalence of thyroid disorders in a middle\u2010aged female population with special reference to the solitary thyroid nodule","volume":"150","author":"Christensen S","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","first-page":"43","article-title":"Incidence of ultrasonographically detected thyroid nodules in healthy adults","volume":"40","author":"Miki H","year":"1993","journal-title":"Tokushima J Exp Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-69-5-925"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(78)90052-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19940715)74:2<748::AID-CNCR2820740231>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"1177","article-title":"Thyroid tumors following thymus radiation","volume":"74","author":"Shore RE","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3577801"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","first-page":"145","article-title":"Radiation\u2010induced thyroid tumors","volume":"19","author":"Schnieder AB","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1995.01430080094015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800740517"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","first-page":"324","article-title":"Cowden's disease: Familial goiter and skin hamartomas. 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