{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T22:14:53Z","timestamp":1793052893070,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,24]],"date-time":"2006-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1148428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Surgical Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gallbladder cancer is a common hepato\u2010biliary malignancy with poor prognosis. The main associated risk factors identified so far include cholelithiasis (especially mixed gall stone), chronic infections of the gallbladder, obesity, reproductive factors, diet, hepato\u2010biliary anamolies, and environmental exposure to specific chemicals. Genetic and molecular predisposing factors have also been described. This article reviews the association of chronic infection and gallbladder cancer. Most of the studies have shown a good association of mixed bacterial and Salmonella infections in the carcinogenesis of cancer gallbladder especially in the area of high endemicity of typhoid. Bacterial degradation of bile and chronic inflammation may also play some role in the carcinogenic process. Mutations in multiple tumor suppressor gene and oncogenes (P53 and K\u2010ras) have also been found in a few studies. This review seeks to bring out many hidden infective etiological aspects of the pathogenesis of gallbladder cancer. Review of the entire published literature suggests a need for further studies for better understanding of the disease. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;93:633\u2013639. \u00a9 2006 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.20530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,24]],"date-time":"2006-05-24T23:28:09Z","timestamp":1148513289000},"page":"633-639","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Infection as a risk factor for gallbladder cancer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shailendra","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surender","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"77","article-title":"Gall stones and risk of gall bladder cancer","volume":"75","author":"Lowen fels AB","year":"1985","journal-title":"JNCI"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-136-35293"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"37","article-title":"Carcinogenesis in extrahepatic bile duct and gall bladder; carcinogenic effect of N\u2010H hydroxy\u2010Z Acetamide fluorene in mice fed a \u2018gall stone inducing diet","volume":"44","author":"Enomoto M","year":"1999","journal-title":"Jap J of Exp Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"147","article-title":"A review of association of dietary factor in gall bladder cancer","volume":"41","author":"Arundhati Rai","year":"2004","journal-title":"IJC"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"61","article-title":"Malignant potential of the gall bladder in patients with anomalous pancreatico biliary junction: The difference in risk between patients with and without choledochal cyst","volume":"80","author":"Chijiwa K","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199512000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(85)90641-9","article-title":"Association of gall bladder cancer and anomalous pancreatio biliary ductal union","volume":"54","author":"Kimura K","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","first-page":"884","article-title":"Genes and viruses in hepatobiliary neoplasia","volume":"19","author":"Reevs ME","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin Surg Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)91315-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199110173251603"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19811215)48:12<2643::AID-CNCR2820481216>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"203","article-title":"Schistosomiasis\u2010Cancer; etiological consideration. 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