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We aimed to analyze the effect of VPI on cancer\u2010specific survival, using propensity score matching (PSM) based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified 9901 patients with T1\u20102N0\u20102M0 who received segmentectomy, lobectomy, or pneumonectomy. Ten covariates were included in PSM. The effect of VPI on survival was assessed, stratified by nodal status and tumor size.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One\u2010thousand and eighty\u2010three pairs of patients were matched with standardized differences of covariates &lt;10% after matching. We found that VPI was associated with a significantly worse survival (3\u2010year survival rate: 84.6% vs. 75.9%, <jats:italic>P\u2009<\/jats:italic>=\u20090.005), especially in N0 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), but not in N1 or N2. No significant difference was observed between the extent of VPI. Moreover, VPI conferred a significantly worse survival in tumors &gt;1\u20102 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.034) and &gt;2\u20133\u2009cm (<jats:italic>P\u2009<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u20090.001), not \u22641, &gt;3\u20104, or &gt;4\u20105\u2009cm in N0.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>VPI is a poor prognostic factor; but with increasing tumor size and nodal stage, its negative effect disappears. Our findings support current staging system which assigns higher T\u2010stage for early &gt;1\u20102 and &gt;2\u20103\u2009cm tumors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.24677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,24]],"date-time":"2017-05-24T00:22:35Z","timestamp":1495585355000},"page":"398-406","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Prognostic value of visceral pleural invasion in non\u2010small cell lung cancer: A propensity score matching study based on the SEER registry"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fenghao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University Shanghai 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