{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:22:55Z","timestamp":1787844175534,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]],"date-time":"2018-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Surgical Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>For current lymphatico\u2010venous anastomosis (LVA), the identification of \u201cfunctional\u201d lymphatic collecting vessels (LCVs) is mainly based on indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography. However, some of the non\u2010ICG enhanced LCVs utilized for LVA were found to have visual lymphatic flow.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Should non\u2010ICG enhanced, but flow\u2010positive LCVs be considered functional as well?<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective study with 56 consecutive lymphedema patients (8 male\/48 female) received LVA. LCVs were observed after ICG injection, before\/after LVAs were performed. ICG enhancement and lymphatic flow in the LCVs were recorded and grouped as: Group A: all LCVs ICG(+) and flow(+); Group B: all LCVs ICG(+) and some were flow(+); Group C: some ICG(+) and some flow(+) LCVs; Group D: all LCVs ICG(\u2212)but all flow(+); and Group E: all LCVs were both ICG(\u2212) and flow(\u2212).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 366 LCVs were identified, averaging 8.2 LVAs, 6.5 LCVs, and 4.7 veins per patient. A total of 33 LVAs were performed with 27 LCVs with no ICG enhancement from 7 patients (Group D). These patients were satisfied with their lymphedema improvements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lymphatic flow\u2010positive but non\u2010ICG enhanced LCVs, should also be considered as functional, thereby maximizing the number of functional LCVs for LVA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.25014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]],"date-time":"2018-03-30T18:52:55Z","timestamp":1522435975000},"page":"994-1000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Intraoperative identification and definition of \u201cfunctional\u201d lymphatic collecting vessels for supermicrosurgical lymphatico\u2010venous anastomosis in treating lymphedema patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5783-1003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnson 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